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托福語法:過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式與用法
在所有的英語考試中,無論托福,托福junior,SAT,SSAT,GRE,GMAT等,都有側(cè)重在語法方面的考察,其中動(dòng)詞是主要一項(xiàng)。以下是小編為大家搜索整理的托福過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式與用法,希望能給大家?guī)韼椭? 更多精彩內(nèi)容請(qǐng)及時(shí)關(guān)注我們應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)!
A 形式
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由 had been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,因此無人稱變化:
I had/I’d been working
they had not/hadn’t been working
had you been working?
had you not/hadn’t you been working?
凡不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能有這種時(shí)態(tài),但動(dòng)詞want(有時(shí)還有wish)除外:
The boy was delighted with his new knife.He had been wanting one fora long time.
男孩對(duì)新小刀很高興。他早就想要一把了。
注意:這一時(shí)態(tài)沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài),像They had been picking ap-ples(他們一直在摘蘋果)這樣的句子,最近似的被動(dòng)式是Ap-ples had been picked(蘋果已摘完),實(shí)際上這兩種說法意思并不相同。(參見下面B3。)
B 用法
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系,同現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系相同。(參見第192節(jié)。)
1 表示動(dòng)作在所說的過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始并持續(xù)到那一時(shí)刻或者在那一時(shí)刻之前剛剛停止時(shí),常?梢杂脙蓚(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中的任一個(gè)(參見第192節(jié)A):
It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.
已經(jīng)6點(diǎn)了,他感到很累,因?yàn)樗麖奶炝疗鹨恢惫ぷ鞯浆F(xiàn)在。相當(dāng)于:
It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.
那時(shí)正是6點(diǎn),他因從一大早就干活而累了。
2 用過去完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)可以作為一種連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示(參見第192節(jié)B):
he had tried five times to get her on the phone.
他曾試著打了五次電話要找她。
He had been trying to get her on the phone.
他一直在試著打電話找她。
3 一個(gè)用過去完成時(shí)表達(dá)的單一動(dòng)作和一個(gè)用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作不同(參見第192節(jié)C):
By six o’clock he had repaired the engine.
到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他已經(jīng)修好發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)了。(這項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)完成。)
但He had been repairing the engine(他一直在修理發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī))僅告訴我們他在前面的時(shí)間/前半小時(shí)里做什么,而并不告訴我們這項(xiàng)工作是否完成。
另一個(gè)區(qū)別是,由過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作常持續(xù)進(jìn)行直到或甚至超過說話的時(shí)間(這個(gè)時(shí)間是在過去)。而由過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作雖可以發(fā)生在這一說話時(shí)間之前不久,但動(dòng)作與說話之間可以有較長的時(shí)間間隔:
He had been painting the door.
他當(dāng)時(shí)一直在油漆門。(油漆大概還未干。)
He had painted the door.
【相關(guān)閱讀】
托福過去完成時(shí)在間接引語中的用法
A 引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞如果是一般過去時(shí),直接引語中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在間接引語中要變成過去完成時(shí):
He said,‘I’ve been in England for ten years.’
他說:“我已經(jīng)在英國住了十年了。”相當(dāng)于:
He said that he had been in England for ten years.
他說他在英國已經(jīng)住了十年。
He said,‘When you’ve worked for a year you’ll get a rise.’
他說:“你工作一年之后,會(huì)加工資。”相當(dāng)于:
He said that when I’d worked for a year I’d get a rise.
他說我工作一年之后會(huì)加工資。
She said,‘I’ll lend you the book as soon as I have read it myself.’
她說:“我一看完這本書就借給你。”相當(dāng)于:
She said she’d lend me the book as soon as she’d read it herself.
她說她一看完那本書就借給我。
B 直接引語中的一般過去時(shí)通常也作同樣的變化:
He said,‘I knew her well.’
他說:“我過去很了解她。”相當(dāng)于:
He said that he had known her well.
他說他過去很了解她。
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