商業(yè)托福英語考試中級(jí)閱讀題型輔導(dǎo)材料

　　Short accounts make long friends.以下是小編為大家搜索整理的商業(yè)托福英語考試中級(jí)閱讀題型輔導(dǎo)材料，希望能給大家?guī)�來幫�?更多精彩內(nèi)容請(qǐng)及時(shí)關(guān)注我們應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)!

　　你也許會(huì)認(rèn)為，如果說有一件事經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家應(yīng)該能告訴你如何去做，那就是在拍賣網(wǎng)站eBay上成功登記拍賣物品。畢竟，拍賣理論家在這行享有盛名;其中一位拍賣理論家蘇珊o阿西(Susan Athey)在今年4月贏得了約翰o貝茨o克拉克(John Bates Clark)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?克拉克獎(jiǎng)?wù)芦@得者還有保羅o薩繆爾森(Paul Samuelson)、約瑟夫o斯蒂格利茨(Joseph Stiglitz)和史蒂文o萊維特(Steven Levitt)，比諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)(Nobel)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)哌�要罕見。)

　　You might think that if there's one thing an economist should be able to tell you how to do, it's successfully list an item on the auction website eBay. Auction theorists are, after all, celebrated in the profession; one of them, Susan Athey, won the John Bates Clark medal in April. (Clark medallists, who include Paul Samuelson, Joseph Stiglitz and Steven Levitt, are scarcer than Nobel laureates.)

　　然而，盡管拍賣理論已經(jīng)很發(fā)達(dá)，但其預(yù)測(cè)容易受到現(xiàn)實(shí)中一些波瀾的影響。比如說，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)假設(shè)人是理性的，這種假設(shè)通常是對(duì)的：在啤酒價(jià)格上漲時(shí)，多數(shù)人都會(huì)少喝一些啤酒。不過，拍賣要求有 "如果他認(rèn)為她認(rèn)為我認(rèn)為他那么認(rèn)為"的推理鏈條，而這種鏈條往往存在薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。如果任何出價(jià)方有任何理由懷疑其他出價(jià)方是不理性的，那么，這些環(huán)節(jié)就會(huì)輕易斷裂。

　　Yet although the theory of auctions is well-developed, its predictions are sensitive to wrinkles in reality. For example, the standard economic assumption that people are rational is usually a good one: when the price of beer rises, most people drink less beer. But auctions require "if he thinks that she thinks that I think that he thinks" chains of reasoning that tend to have weak links. Those links can easily break if any bidder has any reason to suspect that any other bidder is irrational.

　　另一個(gè)理論難題是進(jìn)入拍賣。多數(shù)拍賣理論家假定有固定人數(shù)的拍賣方存在，他們?nèi)�都�?zhǔn)備好了要出價(jià)。不過，雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家可以假設(shè)出價(jià)方存在，eBay的賣方卻不得不去吸引這些人。

　　Another theoretical conundrum is entry to the auction. Most auction theorists assume a fixed number of bidders, all poised and ready to bid. But while economists can assume bidders into existence, eBay sellers have to go out and hook them.

　　這不是拍賣理論的一個(gè)微小疏忽。為移動(dòng)電話運(yùn)營商舉行的大規(guī)模 "3G"拍賣背后的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家--保羅o克倫佩雷爾(Paul Klemperer)已經(jīng)表明，一場(chǎng)拍賣中看似微不足道的特點(diǎn)可能會(huì)讓出價(jià)方卻步，造成巨大(和災(zāi)難性的)影響。出于這些和其它原因，明智的拍賣理論家在沒有充分了解整個(gè)背景的情況下，會(huì)避免預(yù)測(cè)某個(gè)具體的拍賣計(jì)劃會(huì)有什么效果。

　　This is no minor oversight of auction theory. Paul Klemperer, one of the economists behind the massive "3G" auctions for mobile phone operators, has shown that trivial-seeming features of an auction can have big (and disastrous) effects by repelling bidders. For these reasons and others, wise auction theorists would avoid predicting how a specific auction design will work without knowing much more about the context.

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