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詞匯

初三英語上冊(cè)詞匯知識(shí)點(diǎn)

時(shí)間:2021-07-01 11:23:14 詞匯 我要投稿

初三英語上冊(cè)詞匯知識(shí)點(diǎn)

  合成形容詞

初三英語上冊(cè)詞匯知識(shí)點(diǎn)

  和其他合成詞一樣,合成形容詞(compound adjectives)也是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的字合組而成的。由于現(xiàn)代英語結(jié)構(gòu)盡量從繁入簡(jiǎn),合成詞,特別是合成形容詞的運(yùn)用,就越來越普遍,報(bào)章雜志更是如此。

  合成形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,主要有下列 6 種:

 、倜~+形容詞,如:

  oil-rich, duty-free, praiseworthy, life-long, carefree, worldwide, skin-deep, sea-sick, cock-sure, word-perfect 等。

  ②形容詞+形容詞,如:

  bitter-sweet, red-hot, Afro-Asian, socio-political, dead-alive, blue-black 等。

  ③名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,如:

  peace-loving, labour-saving, law-abiding, time-consuming, painstaking, trouble-shooting 等。

 、苊~+過去分詞,如:

  examination-oriented, man-made, poverty-stricken, bed-ridden, wind-blown, weather-beaten, heart-broken 等。

 、菪稳菰~+現(xiàn)在分詞,如:

  good-looking, easy-going, eager-seeming, direct-acting 等。

 、扌稳菰~+過去分詞,如:

  kind-hearted, narrow-minded, single-handed, new-born, soft-spoken, strong-headed, many-sided 等。

  在這六類合成形容詞中,①、③和④的生產(chǎn)率最高。

  此外,合成形容詞還可以從其他詞類或結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化而來,氣象萬千,韻味十足:

 、艔母痹~短語轉(zhuǎn)化而來,如:

  all-round protection, off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock investigation, the ahead-of-schedule general election, a once-a-week discussion 等。

  ⑵從片語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成,如:

  a back-up generator, the break-in time, a catch-up programme, a see-through shirt, a stand-up collar 等。

 、菑牟粠А皌o”的不定式動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成,如:

  take-home pay, a keep-fit class, a get-acquainted party, a cross-border raid, a grow-slow policy 等。

 、扔山樵~短語轉(zhuǎn)化后移至名詞前,如:

  discussions on foreign policy→foreign-policy discussions; the relationship between teachers and students →the teacher-student relationship; a proposal for the withdrawal of troops→a troop-withdrawal proposal 等。

  ⑸由形容詞分句轉(zhuǎn)化后移至名詞前,如:

  a machine that is difficult to operate→a difficult-to-operate machine; magazines which are hard to get at→hard-to-get-at magazines; a politician who is not so strong→a not-so-strong politician 等。

 、视沙烧Z或慣用語轉(zhuǎn)化后移至名詞前,如:

  a step-by-step procedure, an on-the-job training, a dog-in-the-manger attitude, a live-and-let-live policy 等。

  前面6種構(gòu)成法約定俗成,一切中規(guī)中矩,后面6種涵蓋面大,極為靈活。光是通過成語轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞合成詞,數(shù)目都在不斷擴(kuò)大中,非常受歡迎。如 an out-of-the-way village(遙遠(yuǎn)的),a get-rich-quick mentality(快速致富的)。

  疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

  導(dǎo)讀:英語有個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu),就是:疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞(question word + to-infinitive)。

  疑問詞是疑問代詞“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑問副詞“when, where, how, why ”。此外,連接詞“whether”也適用。

  “疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五種:

  ⑴當(dāng)主語,如:

  ● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.

  ● Where to live is a problem.

  ● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.

  ⑵當(dāng)賓語,如:

  ● We must know what to say at a meeting.

  ● He could not tell whom to trust.

  ● Do you know how to play bridge?

  ⑶當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語,如:

  ● The problem is where to find the financial aid.

  ● The question is who to elect.

  ⑷當(dāng)名詞同位語,如:

  ● Tom had no idea which book to read first.

  ● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

  ⑸當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語,如:

  ● Jim is not sure whose to choose.

  ● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

  適用于“疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”的動(dòng)詞包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。

  有點(diǎn)值得特別注意的是:當(dāng)這結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)賓語時(shí),它的作用等于名詞分句,例如:

  ● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.

  ● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.

  有些動(dòng)詞,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有個(gè)賓語,然后才接著加上適當(dāng)?shù)摹耙蓡栐~+不定式動(dòng)詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

  ● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.

  ● Have you told him where to get the application form?

  綜上所述,可見“疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是個(gè)形象清新,既容易用又不容易出錯(cuò)的特別結(jié)構(gòu),可以多多運(yùn)用。

  同族詞都是一家人

  導(dǎo)讀:在《前綴一加,詞義轉(zhuǎn)變》中提到同族詞(見1月17日《中英合談》)。所謂同族詞(family words)便是由同個(gè)詞根衍生出來的一群實(shí)詞。例如:“art”(藝術(shù))名詞是“art”和“artist”,形容詞是“artistic”,副詞是“artistically”。雖然這四個(gè)字的語音、詞形、詞類和詞義都不同,但都來自共同的詞根。

  同族詞既然是由同一詞根派生而成,它們之間便有“血脈”關(guān)系,而且在詞義上,也常有相似之處。

  學(xué)習(xí)英語詞匯時(shí),可以利用同族詞這特色把每組詞集中起來,用對(duì)比方式,辨別每個(gè)詞的詞義和不同用法,然后加以記憶和運(yùn)用,假以時(shí)日,不難水到渠成,詞匯豐富。

  下面便是兩組同族詞的意思及其用法:

  Ⅰauthorise(動(dòng)詞)授權(quán)、批準(zhǔn)

  authorisation(名詞)授權(quán)、委任

  authoritative(形容詞)權(quán)威的、命令式的

  authority(名詞)權(quán)力、職權(quán)、權(quán)威

  authorities(名詞)當(dāng)局

  ① Dr Li has authorised David to act for him in his absence.

 、 The Ministry for Finance authorised the payment of annual increments.

  ③ One needs special authorisation to enter such a building.

 、 This news came from an authoritative source, so it must be reliable.

 、 The Commander-in-chief spoke in an authoritative tone.

 、 As a senior officer, Jason is entitled to have authority over the clerical staff.

 、 Who gave you authority to implement the new salary scheme?

 、 Dr Wong is an authority on language teaching.

 、 The authorities concerned must see to it that the same thing will not recur.

  Ⅱclear(形容詞)清楚的、明白的、無嫌疑的、債務(wù)已清的;

  (副詞)遠(yuǎn)離的

  (動(dòng)詞)清除、解除。

  clearance(名詞)清除、許可(證)

  (修飾語)清貨

  clearing (名詞)林中空曠的

  clearly(副詞)清楚地

 、 The speaker's voice is clear enough to be heard.

 、 Can you make your last point clearer?

 、 The suspect was clear of suspicion.

  ④ The gambler hopes to be clear of debts soon.

 、 Unauthorised persons are advised to keep clear of the premises.

  ⑥ The police have cleared the road of obstruction.

 、 If there exists misunderstanding among friends, please clear it up.

  ⑧ Have you seen any slum clearance?

 、 The plane must get clearance for take-off.

  ⑩ Before Christmas, shopping centres have the habit of holding annual clearance sales.

  11. The picnickers pitched their camp in the clearing.

  12. Speak clearly or the audience at the back may not be able to hear you.

  麻煩的復(fù)數(shù)名詞

  導(dǎo)讀:讀者之聲,英文寫得很好,用字也很貼切;但是其中有個(gè)小錯(cuò)誤,就是把復(fù)數(shù)的名詞誤以為單數(shù),結(jié)果動(dòng)詞也不對(duì)應(yīng)了。

  現(xiàn)在把這句話錄下:

  “Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.”

  英語的“bacteria”(細(xì)菌)是個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,單數(shù)是“ bacterium”。既然如此,后頭形容詞分句里的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是“which are”才是。

  這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的根源,就是復(fù)數(shù)名詞“bacteria”引起的;這類麻煩的復(fù)數(shù)名詞就是本文的主題。

  大家知道,英語名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。通常名詞后頭有“-s” 或“-es”的是復(fù)數(shù),但是不是所有的名詞都如此。許多外來詞,特別是技術(shù)專有名詞,是多彩多姿的,其復(fù)數(shù)形式并不加“-s”或“ -es”。下面便是些常見的例子:

  ㈠外來詞及其原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:

 、 agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.

  ㈡外來詞原有的復(fù)數(shù)或英語復(fù)數(shù),如:

  ① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.

  ㈢有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)而沒有單數(shù),如:

 、 scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.

  ㈣有些名詞形式是復(fù)數(shù),但是含義是單數(shù),如:

  linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.

  ㈤有些名詞形式是單數(shù),但常當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用,如:

  people, police, cattle, vermin

  ㈥有少數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,既可當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用,又可當(dāng)少數(shù)用,如下列句子所示:

  ① The quickest means of travel is by plane.

 、 What Tom has just done is a means to an end.

  ③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?

 、 There are ways and means of solving a problem.

  ㈦有些名詞,單數(shù)是個(gè)意思,復(fù)數(shù)又是個(gè)意思,如:

 、 a. paper(一種原料,即紙)`

  b. papers(報(bào)紙、文件)

 、 a. work(工作)

  b.works(工廠、作品)

  ㈧有些名詞,單數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思,復(fù)數(shù)只有一個(gè)意思,如:

 、 a. people(人們、種族)

  b. peoples(種族)

 、 a. light(光明、電燈)

  b. lights(電燈)

 、 a. practice(練習(xí)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)

  b. practices(風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)

  上述這些名詞,雖然有些麻煩,但是它們數(shù)目不多,只要留意些,就不會(huì)有什么問題。

  幾個(gè)發(fā)展迅速的詞綴

  英語常用詞綴類別有限,數(shù)目也不太多。但是有幾個(gè)詞綴發(fā)展得相當(dāng)迅速,令人注目。

  下面便是三個(gè)運(yùn)用愈來愈廣的前綴:

  Ⅰde-

  主要意思有三:

 、濉俺ァ,如:dewax(去蠟);去泡沫);degum(去膠);deflea(除去跳蚤)。

 、妗胺恰,如:denuclearise(非核武器化); decontaminate(非污染化);denationalise(非國(guó)有化); derecognition(撤銷承認(rèn))。

 、纭敖档汀⑾蛳隆,如:de-emphasize(不強(qiáng)調(diào)); de-escalation(行動(dòng)降級(jí));devaluation(貶值); deindustrialisation(工業(yè)化降溫)。

  Ⅱmini-

  這個(gè)前綴的意思是“小型”、“微型”,如:

  mini-rocket(小型火箭);mini-budget(小預(yù)算案); mini-report(小型報(bào)告);mini-parade(小型檢閱);mini-break (小假期);mini-skirt(小裙)。

  Ⅲsuper-

  “Super-”這前綴的意思是“超級(jí)、在上”,如:

  Superman(超人);super-star(超級(jí)明星);superpower(超級(jí)強(qiáng)國(guó));supermarket(超級(jí)市場(chǎng));superhighway(超級(jí)公路);super-ultra(最尖端的);super-saturated(過度飽和的); superabundant(極其豐富的)。

  除了前綴之外,幾個(gè)后綴也漸漸普及起來,特別是在商業(yè)廣告以及政界、教育界等方面的新聞里。

 、俑痹~性后綴 -wise,意思是“在……方面”、“就……而論” ,如:

  budgetwise(在預(yù)算案方面);moneywise(在金錢方面); savingswise(就積存資金方面而言);educationwise(就教育而論);manpowerwise(就人力而論);theorywise(就理論來說); careerwise(就事業(yè)來說);newswise(在新聞方面); publicitywise(在宣傳方面);curriculumwise(在課程方面)。

 、诿~性后綴 -ee,意思是動(dòng)作承受者,常和動(dòng)作施行者“-er ”相對(duì)應(yīng)。例如:

  trainer:trainee;interviewer:interviewee; employer:employee;examiner:examinee.

  此外,沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的“-ee”派生詞也漸漸出現(xiàn)了,如:

  retiree(退修人士);absentee(缺席者、曠課者);escapee (躲避者);refugee(避難者);devotee(崇拜者)。

 、勖~性后綴 -nik,指從事某種工作的人。例如:

  computer-nik(靠電腦工作的人);boatnik(酷愛劃船的人);allright-nik(應(yīng)聲蟲);peacenik(和平主義者);folknik(民歌手);popnik(流行樂歌手)。

  英語派生詞哪里來?

  導(dǎo)讀:大家知道,派生法(derivation)是英語主要的`構(gòu)詞法。這方法是借前綴或后綴之助,制造出派生詞(derivative words),主要有名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞三種。

  前綴以否定前綴(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等為主,使延伸出來的派生詞變成反義詞。

  Ⅰ名詞派生詞

  Balance→imbalance;

  pleasure→displeasure;

  management→mismanagement;

  efficiency→inefficiency;

  concern→unconcern

  ;literacy→illiteracy

  ;resolution→irresolution;

  interference→noninterference;

  nutrition→malnutrition.

  Ⅱ形容詞派生詞

  Accurate→inaccurate;

  patient→impatient.

  regular→ irregular;

  legal→illegal

  native→non-native;

  orderly→ disorderly;

  common→uncommon.

  Ⅲ動(dòng)詞派生詞

  Agree→disagree;

  judge→misjudge;

  treat→maltreat;

  activate→inactivate;

  use→ill-use;

  mobilize→immobilize;

  manage→mismanage;

  quote→unquote.

  除了否定前綴之外,其他常用的前綴還有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如:

  anti-government(反政府);auto-intoxication(自我迷醉);bilateral(雙邊的);coexistence(共存);counter-argument (反建議);de-emphasize(不強(qiáng)調(diào));ex-president(前任會(huì)長(zhǎng));international(國(guó)際間的);monolingual(單語的);post-war (戰(zhàn)后的);precaution(預(yù)先防備);pro-China(支持中國(guó)); re-state(重述);subhuman(低于人類的);superimpose(加在上面);trans-atlantic(橫跨大西洋的);triangle(三角); ultra-smart(超能的)。

  前面例子證明,加上前綴后的詞,雖然意思改變,但詞性保持不變。相反的,加上后綴的詞,不但詞義有些改變,詞性也完全不同。這樣一來,動(dòng)詞或形容詞加上適當(dāng)?shù)暮缶Y之后,可以得到名詞派生詞,如:

  amaze→amazement;

  kind→kindness.

  同樣的,名詞或動(dòng)詞加上適當(dāng)?shù)暮缶Y,便可以得到形容詞派生詞,如:

  commerce→commercial;

  depend→dependent.

  最后,名詞或形容詞加上動(dòng)詞性的后綴,可以得到動(dòng)詞派生詞,加上副詞性后綴(僅限 -ly),則得到副詞派生詞,如:

  fright(名詞)→frighten(動(dòng)詞);modern(形容詞)→ modernize(動(dòng)詞);beauty(名詞)→beautify(動(dòng)詞);year(名詞)→yearly(副詞);quick(形容詞)→quickly(副詞)。

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