有關(guān)初一的作文
初一英語(yǔ)作文范例
英語(yǔ)作文英語(yǔ)作文的基本要求:
首先,一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stickorholdtothetopic),這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次,一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開(kāi),從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué),這就是完整性(completenessoradequateness)。再者,一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的,而是有機(jī)的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說(shuō)明。
1、統(tǒng)一性
一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心,任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例:
JoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwe'dalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controllingidea(中心思想)是takethelongtripacrossthecountry。文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevantsentences,一個(gè)是Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie,這一段是講的是JoeandI,中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)Bella是不合適的。還有,Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)。再看一個(gè)例子:
MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.
本段的controllingidea是liketodeepphysicallyfit,但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevantsentences,一個(gè)是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek,另一個(gè)是Mymotherwasaprematurebaby。
從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出,nativespeakers同樣會(huì)造出來(lái)irrelevantsentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說(shuō)得那樣,一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),如果只有主題句而沒(méi)有推展句來(lái)進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí),就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultowork——youproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個(gè)推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問(wèn)題。什么是“amindinturmoil”(心境不平靜)Physicalwork又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。因此,要達(dá)到完整就必須盡可能地簡(jiǎn)明。例如:
Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.
段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對(duì)主題作些解釋?zhuān)麄(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞,簡(jiǎn)而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
Itisnotalwaystruethatapictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucan'tswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreaming"Help"?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面,前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性,后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連,句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的'有機(jī)的聯(lián)系;反之,只有意連而沒(méi)有形連,有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就寫(xiě)什么。如果在下筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思,邊寫(xiě)邊想,寫(xiě)寫(xiě)停停,那就寫(xiě)不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。下面介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的排列方式。
A.按時(shí)間先后排列(chronologicalarrangement)
Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviouslylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineo'clock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours——itmusthavebeenclosetonoon——theheatnearlyhidusin;theradiatorboiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasouro'clockandwewereexhausted.Here,judgementranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesummit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.
本段從“rose”(起床)寫(xiě)起,然后是吃早餐(“nottomissbreakfast”,“closingatnineo'clock”),然后是“closetonoon”,一直寫(xiě)到這一天結(jié)束(“Bynine——”)。
B.按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列(spatialarrangement)。例如:
Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethatthebuildingwasreallyintwoparts:apagodasittingontopofatubularone-storystructure.Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelathowmuchofthepagodawasmadeupofglasswindows.AlmosteverythingunderthewonderfulChineseroofwasmadeofglass,unlikethetubethatitwassittingon,whichonlyhadfour.Inside,thetubewasgloomy,becauseofthelackoflight.Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagodaandthelightchangeddramatically.Allthosewindowsletinafloodofsunshineandwecouldseeoutformilesacrosstheflatland.
本段的寫(xiě)法是由遠(yuǎn)及近,從遠(yuǎn)處(“fromadistance”)寫(xiě)起,然后“getcloser”,再到(“tenfeetaway”),最后是“insidethepagoda”……當(dāng)然,按位置遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)寫(xiě)不等于都是由遠(yuǎn)及近。根據(jù)需要,也可以由近及遠(yuǎn),由表及里等等。
C.按邏輯關(guān)系排列(logicalarrangement)
a.按重要性順序排列(arrangementinorderofimportance)
Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimportance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.Intheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.
這一段談的是表達(dá)能力,它的重要性與職業(yè),身份有關(guān),從“notneedmuchskill”或“oflittleimportance”到“moreimportant”,最后是“mostimportant”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specificarrangement)
Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasentenceissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesn'tknowwhatitmeans.Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthatthereadercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceA——thewriter,inwhoseheadtheconnectionisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthewriterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthat"sanguine"and"sanguinary"meanthesamething,butthedifferenceisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.
這一段談的是awriter'scarelessness,先給出一個(gè)generalstatement作為主題句,然后通過(guò)5個(gè)"perhaps"加以例證。
c.由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-generalarrangement)
IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistancefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight.Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.Henrynevercaredwhosawhimdoanything,whetheritwasdecorousornot,andheusuallyoffendedmyfriendsinsomeway.Thecatmadehimselfquitecomfortable,onthetopofthetelevision,acrossstranger'sfeetorlaps,inbeds,drawers,sacks,closets,ornooks.Thedifferencebetweenthemisimperceptibletostrangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題:為什么兩只貓會(huì)被搞混。然后對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行比較,末句才下結(jié)論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)讀下面這一段文字并找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語(yǔ):
Walter'sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies——inparticular,biology,chemistry,andmath.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen.Asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)有兩種,一種是轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)(transitionalwordsorphrases),另一種是起轉(zhuǎn)換作用的其他連接手段(linkingdevices)。前者依次有:first,though,so,inparticular,and,because,however,besides,asaresult,both…and,consequently,and,finally.后者依次是:he,he,his,his,he,these,them,he,those,his,he,these,his.本段中共有詞匯105個(gè),所使用的轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他連接用語(yǔ)共26個(gè)詞,約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。由此可見(jiàn),掌握好transitions不僅對(duì)行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對(duì)于學(xué)生在半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)寫(xiě)120個(gè)詞也是不無(wú)好處的。
一個(gè)段落里如果沒(méi)有transitions也就很難有coherence了.我們看下面一個(gè)例子:
Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds.Writinguseswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500000yearsago.Writtenlanguageisarecentdevelopment.Itwasinventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal.Thewordchoiceofwritingisoftenrelativelyformal.Pronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom.Pronunciationandaccentareignoredinwriting.Astandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinthewrittenlanguageofmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andriseandfallofthevoice.Writinglacksgesture,loudnessandtheriseandfallofthevoice.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences.
本段中除了第6句開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)一個(gè)起過(guò)渡作用的"it"之外,沒(méi)有使用其他的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ).這樣,文中出現(xiàn)許多重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ),全段讀起來(lái)也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個(gè)流暢連貫的段落:
Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing,ontheotherhand,useswrittensymbols.Speechwasdevelopedabout500000yearsago,butwrittenlanguageisarecentdevelopment,inventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal,whilethewordchoiceofwriting,bycontrast,isoftenrelativelyformal.Althoughpronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom,theyareignoredinwiringbecauseastandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andtheriseandfallofthevoice,butwritinglacksthesefeatures.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)下面幾種錯(cuò)誤:
1、不必要的改變時(shí)態(tài),比如:
Inthemovie,RobertRedfordwasaspy.Hegoestohisofficewherehefoundeverybodydead.Otherspieswantedtokillhim,sohetakesrefugewithJulieChristie.Atherhouse,hehadwaitedfortheheattodiedown,buttheycomeafterhimanyway.
2、不必要的改變單復(fù)數(shù),比如:
Everybodylooksforsatisfactioninhislife.Theywanttobehappy.Butifheseeksonlypleasureintheshortrun,thepersonwillsoonrunoutofpleasureandlifewillcatchuptohim.Theyneedtopursuethedeeperpleasureofsatisfactioninworkandinrelationships.
3、不必要的改變?nèi)朔Q,比如:
Nowmorethanever,parentsneedtobeintouchwiththeirchildren'sactivitiesbecausemodernlifehasthetendencytocausecleavagesinthefamily.Youneedtoarrangefamilylikeitsothatfamilymemberswilldothingstogetherandknowoneanother.Youneedtogiveupisolatedpleasuresofyourownandrealizethatparentshaveasetofobligationstosponsortogethernessandthereforesponsorknowledge.
因此寫(xiě)作中,一定要注意時(shí)態(tài),人稱以及數(shù)的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。
英語(yǔ)作文的書(shū)寫(xiě)格式
英文書(shū)寫(xiě)應(yīng)符合書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范,英文字母要寫(xiě)清楚、寫(xiě)整齊、寫(xiě)美觀,字母的大小和字母之間的距離要?jiǎng)蚍Q。書(shū)寫(xiě)應(yīng)做到字形秀麗漂亮,通篇?jiǎng)蚍Q和諧。
寫(xiě)英文字母要掌握正確筆順。如字母i,應(yīng)該先寫(xiě)下面的部分,然后再打點(diǎn)。有的學(xué)生卻按寫(xiě)漢字的習(xí)慣從上到下寫(xiě),寫(xiě)快了,就會(huì)把點(diǎn)和下面的十筆連在量起,顯得十分別扭。字形t應(yīng)為兩筆。不少人卻將兩筆合成一筆,看上去不像t,倒像l或是e,難以辨認(rèn)。另外,把r寫(xiě)成v,把q寫(xiě)成把g,把k寫(xiě)成h等等,都是中學(xué)生書(shū)寫(xiě)中常見(jiàn)的毛玻
不少人在四線三格的練習(xí)紙上書(shū)寫(xiě)尚有規(guī)矩,能按字母的占格、高低和大小要求書(shū)寫(xiě),但在白紙或橫線紙上書(shū)寫(xiě),卻顯得十分幼稚拙劣。字母或跳上跳下,或一律寫(xiě)成同一高度,占上中兩格的字母與占中下兩格的字母完全沒(méi)有高低之別。這些現(xiàn)象都要防止。
另外,書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)還要注意詞與詞之間要保持一定的距離,不能緊靠在一起。字母之間的連寫(xiě)也應(yīng)該按照習(xí)慣,不能隨意亂來(lái)。
在一篇字?jǐn)?shù)有限的作文里,我們還要注意盡量不把一個(gè)單詞拆開(kāi)移行。萬(wàn)一要移行,則必須以音節(jié)為單位進(jìn)行,如revolution這個(gè)詞,依照音節(jié)移行的原則可以按re-,revo-,revolu-這幾種方法移行。在移行時(shí),我們還應(yīng)特別注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1.單音節(jié)詞不能移行,即使是字母較多的單音節(jié)詞,如through等也不能例外。
2.縮略詞如Mr.,Dr.等不能和后面的名字拆開(kāi)移行。
縮略的專(zhuān)用名詞如U.K.,U.S.A等也不能拆開(kāi)移行。
3.時(shí)間、量度及貨幣單位應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體;不能分開(kāi)移行。如;
11:00P.M.應(yīng)寫(xiě)在一行內(nèi),不能將11:00和P.M.分開(kāi)移行;寫(xiě)38℃時(shí),不能將38和℃分開(kāi)移行。
4.由“年、月、日”表示的日期,如果必須分開(kāi)移行只能將“月、日”與“年”分開(kāi)。如January6,1980不能將January和6分開(kāi)移行,但可以把January6,和1980分成兩行。
5.含雙寫(xiě)輔音字母的單詞,在移行時(shí)要將輔音字母拆開(kāi)。如better可拆成bet-ter,necessary可拆成neces-sary。
但如果雙寫(xiě)輔音字母屬于詞根,后面又加了后綴,就不能將兩個(gè)輔音字母拆開(kāi)。如drill加上-ing后構(gòu)成了drilling,就不可以將它拆成成dril-ling,而只能拆為drill-ing注意:在考試或平常練習(xí)時(shí)注意:在英語(yǔ)中句號(hào)要用點(diǎn)代替
要注意三單形式
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