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2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀模擬題
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閱讀一
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC - including ordinary listeners and viewers - to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation - of whom there are many - are fond of quoting the American slogan. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. The BBC ain't broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels - ITV and Channel 4 - were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels - funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions - which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.
(A) the problem of new coverage (B) an uncertain prospect
(C) inquiries by the general public (D) shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?
(A) Extension of its TV service to Far East.
(B) Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
(C) Potentials for further international co-operations.
(D) Its existence as a broadcasting organisation.
57. The BBC's royal charter (line 4, paragraph 4) stands for ________.
(A) the financial support from the royal family
(B) the privileges granted by the Queen
(C) a contract with the Queen
(D) a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.
(A) the emergence of commercial TV channels
(B) the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
(C) the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
(D) the challenge of new satellite channels
閱讀二
In the last half of the nineteenth century capital and labor were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and East Bourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand Shareholding meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59. It's true of the old family firms that ________.
(A)they were spoiled by the younger generations
(B)they failed for lack of individual initiative
(C)they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
(D)they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.
(A)the separation of capital from management
(B)the ownership of capital by managers
(C)the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
(D)the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.
(A)the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
(B)the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
(C)the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
(D)the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of ________.
(A)family firm owners (B)landowners
(C)managers (D)shareholders
閱讀三
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. Scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. Creationism in the passage refers to ________.
(A)evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
(B)a notion of the creation of religion
(C)the scientific explanation of the earth formation
(D)the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________.
(A)recommend the views of the evolutionists
(B)expose the true features of creationists
(C)curse bitterly at this opponents
(D)launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that ________.
(A)reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
(B)creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
(C)evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
(D)creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.
(A)a book review
(B)a scientific paper
(C)a magazine feature
(D)a newspaper editorial
閱讀四
Personality is to a large extent inherent-A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer!
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
(A)impatient (B)considerate (C)aggressive (D)agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
(A)the pressure is too great on the students
(B)some students are bound to fail
(C)failure rates are too high
(D)the results of examinations are doubtful
65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
(A)candidates' sensitivity (B)academic achievements
(C)competitive spirit (D)surer values
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
(A)the personality of a child is well established at birth
(B)family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics
(C)the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors
(D)B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society
閱讀五
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.
(A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
(B)small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
(C)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
(D)most Americans are ready to offer help
56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
(A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
(B)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
(C)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
(D)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.
(A)to improve their hard life
(B)in view of their long-distance travel
(C)to add some flavor to their own daily life
(D)out of a charitable impulse
58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.
(A)tends to be superficial and artificial
(B)is generally well kept up in the United States
(C)is always understood properly
(D)has something to do with the busy tourist trails
答案及分析
閱讀一
55. (B)
意為：前景不定。
第三段指出，英國(guó)廣播公司(BBC)已有70多年的光輝歷程，然而，目前其前景不明(in doubt)。雖然(至少就目前而言)作為一個(gè)公辦廣播機(jī)構(gòu)，廣播公司將繼續(xù)存在下去，但是，其作用、規(guī)模、節(jié)目成為目前英國(guó)舉國(guó)上下?tīng)?zhēng)論的話題。第四段指出，這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論是由政府發(fā)起的。政府要求普通聽(tīng)眾和觀眾評(píng)論廣播公司的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)-甚至于值不值得把它辦下去(was worth keeping)。最后一段指出，廣播公司也的確面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)，它只有改變自己才能適應(yīng)新的形勢(shì)。
A意為：新聞報(bào)道(的范圍)問(wèn)題。
C意為：公眾的質(zhì)詢(xún)。公眾并未主動(dòng)對(duì)廣播公司的發(fā)展前景及狀況評(píng)頭論足，而是政府要求他們這樣做的。
D意為：觀(聽(tīng))眾的減少。
56. (C)
意為：進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行國(guó)際合作的潛力。
最后一段指出，由于廣播領(lǐng)域(broadcasting world)正在發(fā)生變化，英國(guó)廣播公司也應(yīng)改變自己，以適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)。撤切爾政府制定的廣播法要求電視頻道進(jìn)一步商業(yè)化、搞廣告競(jìng)爭(zhēng)并削減開(kāi)支與勞務(wù)。新電視頻道的開(kāi)播將帶來(lái)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的巨變�？梢�(jiàn)，這里并未提到國(guó)際合作問(wèn)題。
A意為：將電視廣播擴(kuò)展到遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)。第一段指出，隨著英國(guó)廣播公司國(guó)際電視節(jié)目的開(kāi)播，數(shù)百萬(wàn)亞洲和美洲人不僅可以聽(tīng)到它的廣播，還可以觀看到它的電視新聞報(bào)道(news coverage)。文章最后一段還提到了衛(wèi)星頻道將會(huì)給廣播公司帶來(lái)最大的變化。
B意為：電視節(jié)目成為舉國(guó)上下談?wù)摰脑掝}。
D意為：它作為廣播機(jī)構(gòu)的存在。
另請(qǐng)參閱第55題題解。
57. (C) 可直譯為：與女王簽的契約。
眾所周知，英國(guó)是君主立憲國(guó)家，國(guó)王代表國(guó)家。因此，與女王簽約就等于說(shuō)該公司是國(guó)家辦的廣播公司(a publicly-funded broadcasting station)，而不是私營(yíng)的。charter意為：契約，特許證。原句可譯為：質(zhì)詢(xún)的原因是：廣播公司的皇家契約1996年將要到期，因此必須決定廣播公司是保持原樣還是要改革。
A意為：皇族的財(cái)政支持。皇族指國(guó)王的家庭，與國(guó)家是兩碼事。
B意為：女王準(zhǔn)予的一系列特權(quán)。
D意為：與皇族的特殊關(guān)系。
58. (D)
意為：新電視頻道的挑戰(zhàn)。
該題提問(wèn)部分意為：英國(guó)廣播公司不得不自行調(diào)整的最主要原因恰恰是……。文章最后一句指出：從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，新電視頻道的開(kāi)播將無(wú)疑會(huì)帶來(lái)最大的變化(注意：本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句)。另請(qǐng)參閱第56題題解。
A意為：商業(yè)性電視頻道的出現(xiàn)。
B意為：政府廣播法的實(shí)施。
C意為：降低成本和勞務(wù)的緊迫性。
(A)、(B)、(C)雖然都提到了，但都不是作為主要原因而提的。
翻譯句子
1、The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers-to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
[參考譯文] 這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論是由政府發(fā)起的，政府請(qǐng)任何一個(gè)對(duì)英國(guó)廣播公司有意見(jiàn)的人-包括普通的聽(tīng)眾和觀眾-來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)這個(gè)好在哪里或壞在哪里，甚至要說(shuō)說(shuō)他們是否認(rèn)為這個(gè)公司值得被保留下來(lái)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The debate was launched by the Government，使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。后面 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC…修飾 government，定語(yǔ)從句中不定式 to say 后面是兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)由 what 引導(dǎo)，一個(gè)由 whether 引導(dǎo)，兩部分用 and 連接，副詞 even 表示進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)。另外兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的部分屬于插入成分，是用來(lái)進(jìn)一步定義 anyone 的。anyone 后面的 with 介詞詞組也是用來(lái)修飾 anyone 的。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 重點(diǎn)是要弄清楚后面定語(yǔ)從句，兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，還有插入成分之間的層次關(guān)系。另外要注意 be worth doing 的用法，這一結(jié)構(gòu)本身就可以表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義，因而 the Corporation was worth keeping 就是英國(guó)廣播公司值得被保留的意思。
2、But it is the arrival of new satellite channels-funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
[參考譯文] 但是新的衛(wèi)星頻道的到來(lái)—它的資金一部分來(lái)自于廣告，一部分來(lái)自于觀眾的收視費(fèi)—將從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)意義上導(dǎo)致最巨大的變化。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 首先這個(gè)句子使用了強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) it is…which，which 指代前面的 channels。破折號(hào)中間部分的插入成分相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)，(which are) funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions 修飾 channels，其中 and 連接兩個(gè) partly by。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 bring about 在句中的含義是引起、導(dǎo)致、產(chǎn)生。
難句解析
1、They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
[參考譯文] 每戶(hù)每年支付83英鎊的的收視費(fèi)用就可以收看體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、喜劇、戲劇、音樂(lè)、新聞與時(shí)事、教育、宗教、關(guān)于議會(huì)的報(bào)道、兒童節(jié)目和電影。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 They are brought…for an annual license fee…，其中謂語(yǔ)部分使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。實(shí)際結(jié)構(gòu)是 bring 后接雙賓語(yǔ) bring sb. sth.，在這句話中，直接賓語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，是一系列名詞的羅列，前面的名詞用逗號(hào)連接，最后兩個(gè)并列成分用 and 連接。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 重點(diǎn)要注意 they 指代前面提到的 listeners and viewers，這里使用了 bring sb. sth. 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)式 sb. was brought sth.。介詞 for 在這里相當(dāng)于 at the price of。另外 news and current affairs 中的 and 是連接 news 和 current affairs 的，而這個(gè)詞組作為一個(gè)整體與其它的名詞 music、education 等并列。
2、The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
[參考譯文] 英國(guó)廣播公司將作為一個(gè)公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下來(lái)，至少目前會(huì)這樣，但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國(guó)成了全國(guó)上下的討論話題。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是 but 連接了兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子。其中 at least for the time being 前后用逗號(hào)與句子其它部分分開(kāi)，是插入語(yǔ)。前一句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The Corporation will survive as…，后一句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 its role, its size and its programs are now the subject…。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] The Corporation 指代前面提到的 BBC=British Broadcast Corporation。另外注意 as 的用法，這里它用作介詞，是作為……的意思。publicly-funded 由公眾提供資金的;nation-wide 全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的。
3、The BBC ain't broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
[參考譯文] 他們說(shuō)英國(guó)廣播公司沒(méi)有破產(chǎn)(broke)，他們的意思是說(shuō)它沒(méi)有垮掉 (broken 和單詞 broke 是有區(qū)別的，broke 的意思是沒(méi)有錢(qián))，那為什么要自找麻煩去改變它呢?
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這句話是 so 連接的兩個(gè)因果關(guān)系的句子。they say 是插入語(yǔ)。which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面引號(hào)中的部分 ain't broke。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 which 指代的是前面引號(hào)中的部分;而且注意區(qū)別 broke 和 broken 在這里的不同意思。why do sth. 這里是個(gè)反問(wèn)句，是不太正式的用法。注意在此處，作者修正了前面美國(guó)俚語(yǔ) ain't broke 中 broke 一詞的用法錯(cuò)誤，指出其應(yīng)該被寫(xiě)為 broken。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1. coverage 新聞報(bào)道
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] coverage n.覆蓋，總括;新聞報(bào)道
[經(jīng)典例句] He wrote a very excellent coverag on the European situation.
2. tune in to 收聽(tīng)
[大綱詞匯] tune n.調(diào)子，曲調(diào);和諧，協(xié)調(diào);v.調(diào)音，調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)整 tune in (to sth.) 調(diào)諧，收聽(tīng)
[經(jīng)典例句] She usually tunes in to the news on CNN.
3. dozens of 很多
[大綱詞匯] dozen n.十二個(gè)
[經(jīng)典例句] I have dozens of things to do.
4. comedy 喜劇
[大綱詞匯] comedy n.喜劇，喜劇性事件
[相關(guān)詞匯] tragedy .悲劇，悲劇性事件
5. affair 形勢(shì)
[大綱詞匯] affair n.事，事情，事件
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] affairs n.事務(wù)
[經(jīng)典例句] China will never seek hegemony in the international affairs.
6. parliamentary 議會(huì)的
[大綱詞匯] parliament n. 國(guó)會(huì)，議會(huì)
[衍生詞匯] parliamentary a. 國(guó)會(huì)的，議會(huì)的
[經(jīng)典例句] The new parliamentary building is designed by a famous architect.
7. annual 每年的
[大綱詞匯] annual a. 每年的，年度的;n. 年刊，年鑒
[經(jīng)典例句] The financial department submitted the annual report to the board.
8. household 家庭
[大綱詞匯] household n.戶(hù)，家庭，全家人
[經(jīng)典例句] How many people are there in your household?
9. remarkable 值得注意的
[大綱詞匯] remarkable a.值得注意的;顯著的，異常的，非凡的
[經(jīng)典例句] He has made remarkable progress in his study.
10. stretch back 回溯到
[大綱詞匯] stretch v. 拉長(zhǎng)，伸，延; n. 一段時(shí)間，一段路程;拉長(zhǎng)，延伸
[經(jīng)典例句] Their conflict stretched back over 20 years.
11. in doubt 懸而未決
[大綱詞匯] doubt n./v.懷疑，疑慮 no doubt 無(wú)疑，必定
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] in doubt 有疑問(wèn)，懸而未決
[經(jīng)典例句] Whether they will adopt the design is still in doubt.
12. broadcasting 廣播
[大綱詞匯] broadcast v./n. 廣播(節(jié)目)
[衍生詞匯] broadcasting n.廣播，播音
[經(jīng)典例句] She works for a famous broadcasting company.
13. for the time being 目前
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] for the time being 目前
[經(jīng)典例句] His nephew is living with me for the time being.
14. subject of … 的對(duì)象
[大綱詞匯] subject n.主題，題目;學(xué)科，科目;主語(yǔ) a. (to)易遭…的，受…支配的v. (to)使遭受，使服從
[經(jīng)典例句] The minister of defense became the subject of criticism.
15. nation-wide 全國(guó)的
[構(gòu)詞方法] -wide 與名次一起構(gòu)成形容詞，表示全…范圍的
[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) world-wide 全世界的
16. debate 辯論
[大綱詞匯] debate v./n.爭(zhēng)論，辯論
[經(jīng)典例句] A debate on farm price support took place in the Senate yesterday.
17. launch 開(kāi)展
[大綱詞匯] launch v.發(fā)射;使(船)下水;發(fā)動(dòng);開(kāi)展;n.發(fā)射;下水
[經(jīng)典例句] The environmentalists launched a campaign against pollution.
18. royal charter 皇家特許證
[大綱詞匯] charter v.租車(chē)，租船;
[擴(kuò)充詞匯]charter n.特許
19. run out 到期，用完
[大綱詞匯] run out of 用完，用盡，耗盡
[經(jīng)典例句] We are running out of paper./ The paper is running out.
20. keep … as it is 按原樣保留…
[經(jīng)典例句] The expert suggest we keep the ancient house as it is.
21. be fond of 喜愛(ài)
[大綱詞匯] fond a.(of)喜愛(ài)的，愛(ài)好的
[經(jīng)典例句] My niece is very fond of sweets.
22. quote 引用
[大綱詞匯] quote v. 引用，援引
[衍生詞匯] quotation n.引文，引用
[經(jīng)典例句] The judge quoted various cases in support of his opinion.
23. broke 破產(chǎn)的
[大綱詞匯] broken a.破碎(了)的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] broke a. 不名一文的，破產(chǎn)的注意：不要混淆兩詞的含義和用法
24. distinct from 與…截然不同的
[大綱詞匯] distinct a.清楚的，明顯的;(from)截然不同的 distinction n.差別，區(qū)分
[經(jīng)典例句] His hobbies are distinct from his work.
25. subscription 付款收看
[大綱詞匯] subscribe v.訂閱，訂購(gòu)
[衍生詞匯] subscription n.訂閱，訂購(gòu)
[經(jīng)典例句] I entered a subscription to Time for one year.
26. in the long term 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] in the long term 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看
[經(jīng)典例句] The policy will benefit the growth of economy in the long term.
27. prospect 前景
[大綱詞匯] prospect n.景色;前景，前途;展望
[經(jīng)典例句] We wish his a bright prospect in the future.
28. shrinkage 減少
[大綱詞匯] shrink v. 起皺，收縮;退縮;畏縮
[衍生詞匯] shrinkage n.收縮，縮水;減少，低落
[構(gòu)詞方法] -age后綴，表示動(dòng)作，過(guò)程
[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) marriage n.婚姻 breakage n.破損
29. stand for 表示
[大綱詞匯] stand for 代替，代表，意味著
[經(jīng)典例句] BBC stand for British Broadcasting Company.
30. privilege 特權(quán)
[大綱詞匯] privilege n.特權(quán)，優(yōu)惠，特許;v. 給予優(yōu)惠，給予特權(quán)
[經(jīng)典例句] Education is a privilege in countries where there are still not many schools.
31. granted by 給予
[大綱詞匯] grant v.同意，準(zhǔn)予;給予，授予;n.授予物
[經(jīng)典例句] He was finally granted an entry visa by the British Embassy.
32. foremost 首要的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] foremost a. 最前的，最先的;首要的，杰出的
[經(jīng)典例句] He is considered the foremost artist in his country.
33. readjust 重新調(diào)整
[大綱詞匯] adjust v.調(diào)整，調(diào)節(jié);校正
[衍生詞匯] readjust v.重新調(diào)整，使重新適應(yīng)
[構(gòu)詞方法] re-前綴，表示又，再，重新
[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) reappear v.再現(xiàn) remarry v.再婚
[經(jīng)典例句] The government readjust its policy on import and export.
34. no other than 正是
[大綱詞匯] other than 不同于
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] no other than 正是
[經(jīng)典例句] Taking his money away is no other than killing him.
35. emergence 出現(xiàn)
[大綱詞匯] emerge v.浮現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)
[衍生詞匯] emergence n.出現(xiàn)，浮現(xiàn);露頭
[詞匯比較] emergency n.緊急情況，突發(fā)事件，非常時(shí)刻注意;兩詞雖只有一個(gè)字母之差，但意思截然不同，注意區(qū)分
[經(jīng)典例句] The past ten years witnessed the emergence of many new enterprises.
36. enforcement 實(shí)施
[大綱詞匯] enforce v.實(shí)行，執(zhí)行;強(qiáng)制
[衍生詞匯] enforcement n.實(shí)施，強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行 enforceable a.可執(zhí)行的
[經(jīng)典例句] Many people are against the enforcement of the new Tax Law.
閱讀二
59.(C)本題提問(wèn)部分意為：事實(shí)上，老家族公司……。選擇項(xiàng)(C)意為：與現(xiàn)代公司相比，它們?nèi)狈π省?/p>
第一段第二、三句指出，許多老公司被擁有各級(jí)拿薪水的經(jīng)理的有限(責(zé)任)公司所取代。這一變化通過(guò)一大批專(zhuān)業(yè)人員的使用適應(yīng)了新時(shí)代技術(shù)的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使許多家族公司破產(chǎn)，因?yàn)榈诙�、三代繼承人已不像公司的創(chuàng)立者那樣精力充沛。
A意為：它們被后代毀了。(A)不對(duì)主要有兩個(gè)原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毀了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主觀原因造成的，也可能是客觀原因造成的;其二，根據(jù)原文，效率的下降通常(so commonly)在第二、三代毀了家庭公司，so commonly一詞的使用說(shuō)明還有沒(méi)破產(chǎn)的家庭公司。
B意為：它們因缺乏個(gè)人的獨(dú)創(chuàng)精神而破產(chǎn)。從以上的分析可見(jiàn)，破產(chǎn)的原因是缺乏效率。
D意為：它們能為納稅人提供足夠的服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。
60.(A)意為：資本與管理的分離，第二段指出，有限公司及市營(yíng)買(mǎi)賣(mài)的發(fā)展引起了重大變化。對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大地增加了作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。國(guó)民生活中這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)代表了與土地及土地所有者相分離的不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富的出現(xiàn)，而且這也意味著(不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富)幾乎在同等程度上與由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的商業(yè)管理的分離。在整個(gè)19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞及歐洲的部分國(guó)家的發(fā)展靠的是英國(guó)的資本，因此，在世界走向工業(yè)化的過(guò)程中英國(guó)的股東們大發(fā)其財(cái)。從以上的論述可以看出，作者認(rèn)為：有限公司的發(fā)展引起了資本與經(jīng)營(yíng)的分離，投資者(股東)并不實(shí)際參加經(jīng)營(yíng)，而是坐吃紅利(dividends)或有時(shí)參加些間接管理;而真正的管理者未必再是公司的擁有者。這一點(diǎn)從第三段的論述也同樣可以看出。
B意為：經(jīng)理對(duì)資本的所有權(quán)。
C意為：勞資兩個(gè)階級(jí)的出現(xiàn)。勞資兩個(gè)階級(jí)早在資本主義的形成時(shí)期就已經(jīng)存在了。
D意為：股東對(duì)市辦買(mǎi)賣(mài)的參與。
61.(C)意為：有限公司太大以至于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)艱難。本文并未提到這一點(diǎn)。
A意為：股東不了解工人的需要。這一點(diǎn)在第三段第一句說(shuō)得很清楚。該句可譯為：這樣的股東根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人們的生活、思想和需要，因此。他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系有不良影響。
B意為：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的執(zhí)行經(jīng)理與工人和他們的需要有更直接的關(guān)系。但是，與現(xiàn)在正在消失的世襲制的舊家族企業(yè)的老板相比，即使是他也很少有過(guò)去那種對(duì)工人的熟悉程度。的確，僅經(jīng)營(yíng)的規(guī)模和雇用工人的數(shù)量?jī)煞矫婢褪沟眠@種個(gè)人關(guān)系的建立成為不可能的事。
C意為：工會(huì)似乎起一個(gè)正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得慶幸的是，至少在所有技術(shù)行業(yè)，工會(huì)與日俱增的力量使得工人們可以同他們的雇主平起平坐。罷工與封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重，明白了公平協(xié)商的價(jià)值。可見(jiàn)，在這方面，工會(huì)起到了保護(hù)工人的積極作用。
62.(D)提問(wèn)中is critical of意為：對(duì)……持批評(píng)態(tài)度。
第二段第四句將股東階層稱(chēng)為飽食終日(comfortable)者，他們與別人的關(guān)系僅限于抽取紅利，他們偶爾也參加一次股東會(huì)，對(duì)企業(yè)的管理指手畫(huà)腳(dictate their orders)。第三段指出，他們不了解工人，不關(guān)心工人。這里使用的顯然是一種批評(píng)的語(yǔ)氣。
翻譯句子
1、The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[參考譯文] 這種變化通過(guò)引入許多的專(zhuān)業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求，并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些家族公司的財(cái)富。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The change met…requirements…and prevented the decline…。其中 by engaging a large professional element 是介詞詞組作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明 met the technical requirements of the new age 的方式。decline in efficiency 后面的 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的 decline in efficiency。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 此句的閱讀關(guān)鍵在于抓住句子的主干，即主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這樣就能把握句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，從而明白句子的主要意思。engage 在這里的意思是使卷入，涉及。
2、Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[參考譯文] 這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性，這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素，這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無(wú)關(guān)系。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是…manipulation…increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class…。其中 an element 是 class 的同位語(yǔ)，representing irresponsible wealth 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的 element，detached from 則是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于是省略了 which is 的定語(yǔ)從句。and 連接兩個(gè) detached from，都修飾前面的 wealth。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 理解 an element 是 a class 的同位語(yǔ)是理解此句的關(guān)鍵。只要分清句子的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的中心詞，就能夠抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的時(shí)候，也可以先抓住主句而略過(guò) an element 后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短語(yǔ)的意思也會(huì)影響到對(duì)整句的理解，如：detach from 與……相分離;irresponsible wealth 不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富，在本句中指的是股東們雖然擁有大量財(cái)富，但并不參與公司的運(yùn)作，不承擔(dān)任何經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的責(zé)任。
3、The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.
[參考譯文] 這樣的股東對(duì)他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無(wú)所知，而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這個(gè)句子是 and 連接的兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The shareholders had no knowledge…。在第一個(gè)句子中，employed 作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的workmen，相當(dāng)于省略了who were (employed by)……。which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 in which he held shares 修飾前面的 company。第二句的主干結(jié)構(gòu) his influence…was not good 是常見(jiàn)的主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 第一分句中要認(rèn)清 employed by 和后面 which 引導(dǎo)的從句都修飾什么成分的。另外，在閱讀本句中，指代關(guān)系也非常重要，要看清代詞 he 和 his 都是指代前面的 shareholders。
閱讀三
67.(D)
意為：關(guān)于宇宙起源的虛假理論。
在本文中，作者將造物主義理論(或創(chuàng)世主義理論)與進(jìn)化論對(duì)立而論，指出前者的基礎(chǔ)是宗教而不是科學(xué)，而且，幾乎所有的科學(xué)家和大部分非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖都越來(lái)越將所謂科學(xué)的造物主義理論看做既不是好科學(xué)也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的書(shū)對(duì)造物主義理論進(jìn)行了深刻的批判。參閱第一段。
A意為：有關(guān)宇宙起源的真正意義上的進(jìn)化論。
B意為：宗教創(chuàng)立的思想。
C意為：地球形成的科學(xué)解釋。
68.(B)
意為：揭露了造物主義理論的真實(shí)面目。
第二段指出，他利用合適的機(jī)會(huì)(at appropriate places)對(duì)造物主義理論進(jìn)行了批判。在最后三章，他摘掉了手套，將造物主義者狠狠地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的綱領(lǐng)及(騙人)手段，對(duì)那些不了解他們的把戲的人來(lái)說(shuō)，(Kitcher所揭露出的)他們的欺騙程度和歪曲程度會(huì)令人感到吃驚和厭惡�？紤]到他們的基本動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教的，人們也許期望在他們身上看到更多的基督徒行為(但他們欺騙人民、歪曲事實(shí))。
A意為：推崇進(jìn)化論的觀點(diǎn)。Kitcher的確推崇進(jìn)化論，但從書(shū)的章節(jié)安排來(lái)看，本書(shū)更著重于對(duì)造物主義的批判。
C意為：狠狠地咒罵了他的對(duì)手。
D意為：對(duì)造物主義者發(fā)起了突然襲擊。
69.(B)
意為：造物主義的論點(diǎn)不是建立在推理之上的。
參閱第67題題解。文章最后一句指出，它的確代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主義理論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判者，問(wèn)題就容易解決了。本句是一個(gè)虛擬條件句，等于說(shuō)：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
A意為：在這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中，推理起了決定性作用。注意：reason(理性)與reasoning(推理)意思不同。
C意為：對(duì)專(zhuān)家以外的人來(lái)說(shuō)，進(jìn)化論太難。第三段第二句指出，不是專(zhuān)家至少也能了解一下支持進(jìn)化論的數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)及其論點(diǎn)。
D意為：科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了造物主義理論。
70.(A)
本文是一個(gè)書(shū)評(píng)摘要。這從第二、三段就可以一目了然。
B意為：科學(xué)論文。
C意為：雜志特寫(xiě)。
D意為：報(bào)紙社論。
翻譯句子
1、In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
[參考譯文] 在最后三章中，他脫下手套，將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的活動(dòng)和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而且，對(duì)于那些對(duì)神造論者的做事方式不熟悉的人來(lái)說(shuō)，神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實(shí)的程度可能會(huì)令這些人有一種不快的詫異。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 第一句話的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是…h(huán)e takes off…and gives…，第二句是 and 連接的兩個(gè)并列句。在第二個(gè)分句中，前面插入了一個(gè)介詞詞組 for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists，其中 unfamiliar 相當(dāng)于省略了 who are 的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 those。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 第一句話中，作者把寫(xiě)書(shū)比喻成拳擊，因而要抨擊神造說(shuō)/特創(chuàng)論的時(shí)候，用了 takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating 這樣的句子。第二句中，關(guān)鍵要弄清楚 their programs and tactics, their deception and distortion 中的兩個(gè) their 指代的都是 creationists，而不是指那些對(duì)神造論者的處事方式不熟悉的人。
2、On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
[參考譯文] 在這本杰出的書(shū)的外紙封面上，史蒂芬?杰伊?古爾德寫(xiě)道：這本書(shū)本身就代表理性。而它確實(shí)是這樣的-而且如果理性成為神造論/進(jìn)化論之間的辯論中的惟一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，一切就都好辦了。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 第一句話中是主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+直接引語(yǔ)。第二句表示對(duì)第一句中的觀點(diǎn)的贊同，破折號(hào)后作進(jìn)一步解釋;其中隱含一個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在正式的文體中，倒裝可以用來(lái)代替 if 引導(dǎo)的表示假設(shè)的狀語(yǔ)從句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate 相當(dāng)于 if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 so it does 的用法：so+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞，表示對(duì)前面表述的觀點(diǎn)的贊同，注意這一結(jié)構(gòu)與 so+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ) 結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。后者表示也的意思，只用在肯定句當(dāng)中。另外應(yīng)注意破折號(hào)后解釋部分中的條件句里時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用：if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中使用過(guò)去時(shí) were，主句中用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would do，是作出與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
�、賂he goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
[參考譯文] 所有這些書(shū)的目的都是要努力向迷惑而且通常還沒(méi)有被啟發(fā)的普通民眾解釋?zhuān)翰豢赡苡袃煞N同樣站得住腳的關(guān)于宇宙和生命的起源和演化的科學(xué)理論同時(shí)存在。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The goal… will be to try to explain…，其中 explain 后面接的是雙賓語(yǔ)：explain to sb. sth.，這里 sth. 是 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 there are not…。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] all 指代上文提到的書(shū)籍，要注意 origin 和 evolution 是并列的，而universe 和 life 是并列的。而 confused 和 unenlightened 也是并列的。
②Scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.
[參考譯文] 科學(xué)的神造說(shuō)/特創(chuàng)論-不論什么時(shí)候談到進(jìn)化的科學(xué)解釋的時(shí)候，某些人就會(huì)要求在教室里獲得同等的時(shí)間來(lái)解釋這一學(xué)說(shuō)-是以宗教為基礎(chǔ)的，而不是以科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是… creationism is based… on religion, not science，其中which 引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classroom…修飾 creationism，在這一定語(yǔ)從句中，whenever 引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 首先要理解非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的用法，另外，在閱讀中可以先跳過(guò)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，只看句子的主干。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1. creationism 神造說(shuō)，特創(chuàng)論(一種反進(jìn)化論的學(xué)說(shuō))
2. rumor has it 據(jù)傳言說(shuō)
[大綱詞匯] rumor/ rumour n.傳聞，謠言
[經(jīng)典例句] Rumor has it that more than 20 people died in the accident.
3. pipeline 供應(yīng)線
[大綱詞匯] pipeline n.管道，管線
4. unenlighted 未受啟蒙的
[大綱詞匯] enlighten v.啟發(fā)，啟蒙，教導(dǎo)
[衍生詞匯] enlightened a.開(kāi)明的，有知識(shí)的，文明的 enlightening a.有啟迪作用的enlightenment n.開(kāi)明，啟發(fā) unenlightened a.未受啟發(fā)的，愚昧無(wú)知的，落后的
[經(jīng)典例句] He regarded most people as unenlightened.
5. citizenry 老百姓
[大綱詞匯] citizen n.公民;市民，平民
[衍生詞匯] citizenry n.〔總稱(chēng)〕公民;市民;老百姓
6. cosmology 宇宙論
[大綱詞匯] cosmic a.宇宙的
[衍生詞匯] cosmology n.宇宙論，宇宙哲學(xué)
7. geology 地質(zhì)學(xué)
[大綱詞匯] geology n.地質(zhì)學(xué)
5. biology 生物學(xué)
[大綱詞匯] biology n.生物學(xué)
9. consistent 前后一致的
[大綱詞匯] consistent a.(with)前后一致的，始終如一的
[經(jīng)典例句] What he said was consistent with what he did.
10. unified 統(tǒng)一的
[大綱詞匯] unify n.使聯(lián)合;使同意;使相同，使一致
[經(jīng)典例句] It is their strong wish that the country should be unified.
11. constantly
[大綱詞匯] constant a.經(jīng)常的，不斷的;堅(jiān)定的;永恒的;忠實(shí)的
[衍生詞匯] constantly ad.經(jīng)常地，不斷地
[經(jīng)典例句] The world is changing constantly.
12. virtually 實(shí)際上
[大綱詞匯] virtual a.實(shí)際上的，事實(shí)上的
[衍生詞匯] virtually ad實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上
[經(jīng)典例句] The city virtually disappeared in the tornado.
13. majority 大多數(shù)
[大綱詞匯] major a.(較)大的，(較)重要的 n.專(zhuān)業(yè)，主修科目;專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生，少校v. (in)主修，專(zhuān)攻 majority n.多數(shù)，大多數(shù)
[經(jīng)典例句] The majority of the Senate voted against the motion.
14. nonfundamentalist 非原教旨主義者
[大綱詞匯] fundamental a.基礎(chǔ)的，基本的;n.[pl.]基本原則，基本原理
[衍生詞匯] fundamentalist n.原教旨主義者 nonfundamentalist n.非原教旨主義者
15. glve an introduction to 介紹……
[大綱詞匯] introduction n.(to)介紹;傳入，引進(jìn);導(dǎo)言，導(dǎo)論，緒論
[經(jīng)典例句] The mayor give his guest a brief introduction to his city.
16.appropriate適當(dāng)?shù)腫大綱詞匯] appropriate a. (to)適當(dāng)?shù)�，恰如其分的[經(jīng)典例句] He intended to propose his plan in appropriate time.
17. take off 脫下
[大綱詞匯] takeoff 拿走;脫下;起飛
[經(jīng)典例句] He helped the old lady to take off her coat.
15. give…a good beating 把…痛打一頓
[大綱詞匯] beat v.打，敲;打敗，戰(zhàn)勝;(心臟等)跳動(dòng)，搏動(dòng) n.敲打，敲擊聲，節(jié)拍;(心臟等)跳動(dòng)，搏動(dòng)
[衍生詞匯] beating n.拍打，捶打;打敗
[經(jīng)典例句] The Russian troop gave a good beating to their enemy.
19. tactics 策略
[大綱詞匯] tactics n.策略，戰(zhàn)術(shù)
[經(jīng)典例句] This is a fairly common tactics among junior executive.
20. extent 程度
[大綱詞匯] extent n.廣度，寬度，長(zhǎng)度;程度，限度
[經(jīng)典例句] What he did exceeded the extent of his authority.
21. deception 欺騙
[大綱詞匯] deceive v.欺騙，蒙蔽
[衍生詞匯] deception n.欺騙，蒙蔽
[經(jīng)典例句] He was furious at the deception of his friends.
22. distortion 歪曲
[大綱詞匯] distort v.歪曲，扭曲
[衍生詞匯] distortion n.歪曲，扭曲，變形
[經(jīng)典例句] What we have heard is a total distortion of facts.
23. motivation 動(dòng)力
[大綱詞匯] motive n.動(dòng)機(jī)，目的
[衍生詞匯] motivation n.提供動(dòng)機(jī);動(dòng)力，誘因，刺激
[經(jīng)典例句] The child has not found any motivation for learning.
24. philosopher 哲學(xué)家
[大綱詞匯] philosopher n.哲學(xué)家，哲人 philosophy n.哲學(xué)
25. in part 部分來(lái)說(shuō)
[經(jīng)典例句] He failed in part because of his carelessness.
26. clarity 清晰
[大綱詞匯] clarity n.清晰，明晰 clarify v.澄清，闡明
[經(jīng)典例句] I remembered the scene with complete clarity.
27. effectiveness 有效
[大綱詞匯] effective a.有效的，生效的
[衍生詞匯] effectiveness n.有效
[經(jīng)典例句] No one doubts the effectiveness of the drug.
28. nonspecialist 非專(zhuān)家
[大綱詞匯] specialist n.專(zhuān)家 specialize v. ( in)專(zhuān)攻，專(zhuān)門(mén)研究，專(zhuān)業(yè)化
specialty n.特性，特質(zhì);專(zhuān)業(yè)，專(zhuān)長(zhǎng)
[衍生詞匯] nonspecialist非專(zhuān)家
29. notion 概念
[大綱詞匯] notion n.概念，想法，意念，看法，觀點(diǎn)
[經(jīng)典例句] Her notion of rural life is a lot of sunshine and fun.
30. dust jacket 包在書(shū)外起保護(hù)和裝飾作用的紙封面
31. in its true sense 真正意義上的
[經(jīng)典例句] His behavior in its true sense has showed his indifference to others.
32. opponent 反對(duì)者
[大綱詞匯] opponent n.對(duì)手，反對(duì)者，敵手;a. 二對(duì)立的，對(duì)抗的
[經(jīng)典例句] His opponents claimed that he had accepted bribes.
33. book review 書(shū)評(píng)
[大綱詞匯] review v.回顧;復(fù)習(xí);n.回顧;復(fù)習(xí);評(píng)論
[經(jīng)典例句] His performance got mixed reviews.
34. editorial 社論
[大綱詞匯] editorial n.社論
全文翻譯
有傳言說(shuō)，有20多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的書(shū)即將出版，有幾本已經(jīng)面世了。所有這些書(shū)的目的是試圖告訴那些迷糊而且常常是還不開(kāi)通的蕓蕓眾生：就宇宙和生命的起源與發(fā)展問(wèn)題而言，不可能存在兩種都成立的科學(xué)理論。對(duì)于所發(fā)生的一切，宇宙學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)已經(jīng)提供了一貫的、統(tǒng)一的并且是在不斷完善的解釋。而科學(xué)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論-當(dāng)課堂上講授進(jìn)化論時(shí)，有些人就想爭(zhēng)搶相同的課時(shí)來(lái)解釋它-是基于宗教，而非科學(xué)的。實(shí)際上，所有科學(xué)家和大多數(shù)非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖們都已將科學(xué)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論看作是拙劣的科學(xué)和拙劣的宗教。
金切爾這本書(shū)的前四章簡(jiǎn)單地介紹了進(jìn)化論。作者在合適的地方引入了對(duì)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者的批評(píng)并提供了后者的回答。在書(shū)的后三章，他毫不客氣地對(duì)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者進(jìn)行了猛烈抨擊。他揭露了這些人的綱領(lǐng)和手段，對(duì)那些不了解創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者慣用手法的人來(lái)說(shuō)，其欺騙和歪曲事實(shí)的程度會(huì)讓他們感到氣憤和吃驚。由于他們的基本動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教，人們?cè)具�期待他們會(huì)做出更具基督精神的作為。
金切爾是位哲學(xué)家，這也許能部分說(shuō)明他的立論為何明確而有說(shuō)服力。非專(zhuān)業(yè)人士起碼可以了解支持進(jìn)化論的各種數(shù)據(jù)和觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者的最后一章對(duì)每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)都闡述得極為清楚。這部?jī)?yōu)秀作品的護(hù)封上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古爾德的一句話，本書(shū)賭注是理性。的確如此-如果理性是創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論和進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判，一切問(wèn)題就已解決了。
閱讀四
63.(C)
意為：攻擊性的，好斗的。
文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)，形成了他們的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive(爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝的，愛(ài)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的)一詞描述A型性格的人。
A意為：缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。這也許是他們有時(shí)候所表現(xiàn)出的性格特征，但不是他們的一般性性格特征。
B意為：體貼人的，為人著想的。這與事實(shí)形成鮮明的對(duì)比。
D意為：和藹的，易相處的，使人愉快的。
64.(B)
意為：有些學(xué)生肯定不及格。
be bound to意為：肯定、注定。問(wèn)題中be opposed意為反對(duì)。第三段指出，學(xué)校中最糟糕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式(by far用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)形式)是極力強(qiáng)調(diào)考試(disproportionate意為：不相稱(chēng)的，過(guò)分的)，很少有學(xué)校讓學(xué)生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通過(guò)考試來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有無(wú)益處(merits)是個(gè)值得探討的問(wèn)題(questionable)，但是，明知道自己會(huì)失敗還去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的做法肯定(對(duì)人的心理，如：自信心、自我認(rèn)識(shí)等)是有害的。
A意為：給學(xué)生造成的壓力過(guò)大。
C意為：不及格率過(guò)高。
(A)、(C)文中都末提到。
D意為：考試成績(jī)(或結(jié)果)值得懷疑。
這與原文表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不一樣，原文并非是說(shuō)考試成績(jī)是否真正反映學(xué)生的真實(shí)水平或能力值得懷疑，而是說(shuō)考試這種形式作為—個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)是否合適值得進(jìn)一步探討。
65.(B)
原文最后一段指出，如果學(xué)校不過(guò)多地注重于(preoccupation…… with)學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果，就可以花更多的時(shí)間教些更有價(jià)值的東西。選擇護(hù)理方面的人-尤其是醫(yī)療護(hù)理人員-也許應(yīng)該看他們是否心細(xì)、是否有同情心，而不應(yīng)看他們化學(xué)成績(jī)?nèi)绾�。只從A型性格的人中選擇醫(yī)生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社會(huì)所需要的，應(yīng)該受到相應(yīng)的鼓勵(lì)。在這段里。作者對(duì)現(xiàn)在人的培養(yǎng)及選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了批評(píng)。B意為：學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)(或?qū)W術(shù)成就)。問(wèn)題中currently意為：目前，當(dāng)前。
A意為：申請(qǐng)者的敏感程度。指：他是否對(duì)他人的行為敏感，即是否細(xì)心。
C意為：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神。原文是說(shuō)根據(jù)成績(jī)，即：看重的是結(jié)果。
D意為：更可靠的價(jià)值。即：更可靠或可依賴(lài)或有價(jià)值(對(duì)社會(huì)有用)的東西。
66.(C)
文章第一段指出，個(gè)性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent)，但是，環(huán)境對(duì)它也有深刻影響，環(huán)境包括社會(huì)、學(xué)校與家庭。本文主要談?wù)摿藢W(xué)校教育對(duì)學(xué)生的性格形成的影響。C意為：個(gè)性的發(fā)展受多種(multiple)因素的影響。
A意為：兒童的個(gè)性在出生時(shí)早已確立。
B意為：家庭對(duì)兒童性格特征的形成起主導(dǎo)作用。
(A)、(B)兩個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)都不正確，因?yàn)�，這兩種說(shuō)法都是片面的、極端的。兒童的個(gè)性發(fā)展受多種因素的影響。
D意為：在高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的社會(huì)中，B型性格的人是不需要的(或是找不到位置的)。這正是作者想要駁斥的觀點(diǎn)。作者指出：世界需要各種性格的人。另請(qǐng)參閱第65題題解。
翻譯句子
1、But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
[參考譯文] 但環(huán)境也一定對(duì)其有深刻的影響，因?yàn)槿绻?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)父母來(lái)說(shuō)很重要的話，那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個(gè)重要因素。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 本句的主干是… the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，而這個(gè)從句又是一個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的條件主從復(fù)合句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 profound 的詞義為意義深遠(yuǎn)的。另外要看到最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的 it所指代的是 competition。
2、The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
[參考譯文] 通過(guò)考試進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)本身的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就有些讓人懷疑，但是如果在明知注定要失敗的情況下還要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就肯定是有害的了。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 本句由兩個(gè)子句構(gòu)成，中間有一個(gè) but 表示意思的轉(zhuǎn)折。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 要正確理解本句，重點(diǎn)在于抓住單詞的正確意思。questionable 可疑的，值得疑問(wèn)的;而后面的 knowledge 如果理解成知識(shí)那么這句話就怎么也看不懂了，在這里它的意思應(yīng)該是知道，知曉，因此 in the knowledge of 應(yīng)被理解為在了解……的情況下。
3、Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
[參考譯文] 也許對(duì)從事照顧他人的職業(yè)，特別是醫(yī)療事業(yè)(從業(yè)人員)的選擇應(yīng)該更少地基于化學(xué)成績(jī)而更多地基于對(duì)敏感個(gè)性和同情心的考慮。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 本句的主干是… selection…could be made less by… and more by…。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的是對(duì)于 caring professions 的進(jìn)一步具體說(shuō)明。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意在閱讀的時(shí)候抓住 less… and more…的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)注意 more 后面的可能要更加重要一些。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
[參考譯文] 現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的A類(lèi)好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類(lèi)的同輩更勝一籌。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 本句的主干是 The current passion… produces a two-layer system;passion后面的介詞 for 的賓語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜，是一個(gè) make sb. do sth. 的結(jié)構(gòu)，而主句的賓語(yǔ) a two-layer system 后面有一個(gè)非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的時(shí)候也要有一定的想象力，比如 compete against the clock 不能從字面上理解為和鐘表競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，而應(yīng)該理解成與時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)/和時(shí)間賽跑。
2、One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
[參考譯文] 孩子們吸收A類(lèi)個(gè)性的地方是學(xué)校。就學(xué)校的本質(zhì)而言，它是一個(gè)高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)構(gòu)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 本句的主干是 One place…is school，這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)都有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾，前面的是限定性的，后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面還有一個(gè)插入成分 by its very nature。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 可以先抓主干，然后再分析那兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，另外注意 soak up 的意思是吸收，攝取，其實(shí)即使我們不是很清楚這個(gè)詞組的意思，只要我們抓住 soak 的基本意思浸泡，浸濕，浸透，詞組的意思也能猜出來(lái)。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1. to a large extent 在很大程度上
[大綱詞匯] extent n.廣度，寬度，長(zhǎng)度;程度，限度
[經(jīng)典例句] His attitude will influence the result to a large extent.
2. inherent 天生的
[大綱詞匯] inherent a.固有的，內(nèi)在的，天生的 inherit v.繼承
[經(jīng)典例句] Parents should be waken to the inherent nature of their children.
3. bring about 造成
[大綱詞匯] bring about 帶來(lái)，造成
[經(jīng)典例句] The new policy brought about many improvements in the employment of women.
4. offspring 后代
[大綱詞匯] offspring n.子孫，后代;結(jié)果，產(chǎn)物
5. profound 深刻的
[大綱詞匯] profound a.深刻的，意義深遠(yuǎn)的;淵博的，造詣深的
[經(jīng)典例句] The city has undergone a profound change in the past few years.
6. soak up 吸收
[大綱詞匯] soak v.浸泡，浸濕，浸透
[經(jīng)典例句] The earth soaks up rainwater.
7. sport achievements 夸耀成就
[大綱詞匯] sport n.運(yùn)動(dòng);pl.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) sportsman n.運(yùn)動(dòng)員
[擴(kuò)充詞義] sport v.炫耀，夸示
[經(jīng)典例句] The young man sported a roll of money his father gave him to his friends.
8. compete against 和…競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
[大綱詞匯] compete v.比賽;競(jìng)爭(zhēng) competent a.有能力的，勝任的 competitin n.比賽;競(jìng)爭(zhēng) competitive a.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，比賽的 competitor n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，對(duì)手
[經(jīng)典例句] He competed with other fellow colleagues for the position.
9. keen 熱衷于
[大綱詞匯] keen a.鋒利的;敏銳的;敏捷的;(on)熱心的，渴望的
[經(jīng)典例句] He is very keen to visit China.
10. consequece 后果
[大綱詞匯] consequence n.結(jié)果，后果，影響;重要性 in consequence因此，結(jié)果 in consequence of 由于…的緣故 consequently ad.因而，所以
[經(jīng)典例句] Your mistake will surely bring about unfavorable consequence.
11. marathon 馬拉松長(zhǎng)跑
12. rejoice 高興
[大綱詞匯] rejoice v.(使)欣喜，(使)高興
[經(jīng)典例句] He rejoiced at his friend's good fortune.
13. conquer 戰(zhàn)勝
[大綱詞匯] conquer v.征服，戰(zhàn)勝，占領(lǐng);克服，破除(壞習(xí)慣)conquest n.征服
[經(jīng)典例句] Napoleon conquered a number of European countries in a few years.
14. by far …最…
[大綱詞匯] by far…得多，最
[經(jīng)典例句] His explanation is clear by far.
15. disproportionate 不成比例的
[大綱詞匯] proportion n.比例;部分，份兒;均衡，相稱(chēng) in proportion 與…成比例的
[衍生詞匯] proportionate a.成比例的;均衡的，相稱(chēng)的 disproportionate a.不成比例的，不相稱(chēng)的
[經(jīng)典例句] A disproportionate number of fatal accidents take place at night.
16. emphasis on 強(qiáng)調(diào)
[大綱詞匯] emphasis n.強(qiáng)調(diào)，重點(diǎn) emphasize v.強(qiáng)調(diào)
[經(jīng)典例句] The teacher lay emphasis on the importance of the assignment.
17. concentrate on 專(zhuān)注于
[大綱詞匯] concentrate v.(on)集中，專(zhuān)心;濃縮;n.濃縮物 concentration n.集中;專(zhuān)心，專(zhuān)注
[經(jīng)典例句] He concentrates solely on law studies.
18. merit 優(yōu)點(diǎn)
[大綱詞匯] merit n.優(yōu)點(diǎn)，價(jià)值，功績(jī);v.值得，應(yīng)得
[經(jīng)典例句] The new method has few merits.
19. questionable 可疑的
[大綱詞匯] question n.問(wèn)題，議題;發(fā)問(wèn)，詢(xún)問(wèn) v.詢(xún)問(wèn)，審問(wèn);懷疑，對(duì)…表示疑問(wèn) in question 正在考慮 questionable a.可疑的，不可靠的
[經(jīng)典例句] The accuracy of the news is questionable.
20. in the knowledge of 在了解…的情況下
[大綱詞匯] know v.知道，了解;認(rèn)識(shí)，熟悉;精通 know as 被認(rèn)為是
knowledge n.知識(shí)，學(xué)問(wèn);知道，了解
[經(jīng)典例句] He felt safe in the knowledge of his enemy's death.
21. change into 變?yōu)?/p>
[大綱詞匯] change n.變換，調(diào)換，交換，互換;改變，變化 v.改變，變化;零錢(qián)，找頭
[經(jīng)典例句] Water change into ice at zero degree.
22. fit …to 與……相稱(chēng)
[大綱詞匯] fit v.使適合，使配合，適應(yīng);安裝，裝配 a. (for，to)適合的，恰當(dāng)?shù)?健康的，強(qiáng)健的 fitting a.適當(dāng)?shù)�，恰�?dāng)?shù)?n. [pl.]配件，附件;裝配，安裝
[經(jīng)典例句] One should fit his action to the world.
23. personality 性格
[大綱詞匯] person n.人;本人，自身 in person 親自 personal a.個(gè)人的，私人的;親自的，本人的;身體的，人身的 personality n.人格，個(gè)性
[經(jīng)典例句] Environment shapes personality.
24. preoccupation 主要關(guān)心的事
[大綱詞匯] occupy v.占，占用;占據(jù)，占領(lǐng);使忙碌，使從事
[衍生詞匯] occupation n.從事;工作 preoccupy v.使全神貫注，使入神;搶先占有
preoccupation n.搶先占有;全神貫注;使人全神貫注的事
[經(jīng)典例句] Environmental protection is clearly their main preoccupation.
25. academic 學(xué)術(shù)的
[大綱詞匯] academic a.學(xué)院的，學(xué)術(shù)的 academy n.學(xué)院，研究會(huì)，學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體
[經(jīng)典例句] The professor puts greater emphasis on academic studies.
26. lessen 減輕
[大綱詞匯] lessen v.減少，減輕
[詞匯比較] lesson n.功課;教訓(xùn)
[經(jīng)典例句] The latest news lessened their worries.
27. caring profession 照顧他人的職業(yè)
28. consideration 考慮
[大綱詞匯] consider v.認(rèn)為，把…看作;考慮，細(xì)想;體諒，照顧 considerable a.相當(dāng)大(或多)的，可觀的，值得考慮的 considerate a.考慮周到的，體諒的
consideration n.需要考慮的事，理由;考慮，思考;體諒，照顧
[經(jīng)典例句] The matter is receiving the serious consideration of the board.
29. sensitivity 敏感
[大綱詞匯] sensitive a. (to)sensitivity n.
[經(jīng)典例句] The machine must be used with care considering its sensitivity.
30. sympathy 同情心
[大綱詞匯] sympathy n.同情，同情心，贊同 sympathetic a.同情的，共鳴的sympathize v.(with)同情，憐憫;共鳴，同感
[經(jīng)典例句] Those people need our help and sympathy.
31. exclusively 僅僅
[大綱詞匯] exclusive a.專(zhuān)有的，獨(dú)占的;除外的，排他的 exclusively ad.僅僅;專(zhuān)門(mén)地，排他地
[經(jīng)典例句] The article was written exclusively for Newsweek.
32. stock 某一類(lèi)的人
[大綱詞匯] stock n.備料，庫(kù)存，現(xiàn)貨;股票，公債，存儲(chǔ) in stock現(xiàn)有，備有
[擴(kuò)充詞義] stock n.祖先，世系，家族，類(lèi)
[經(jīng)典例句] He descended from Jewish stock.
33. aggressive 有進(jìn)取心的
[大綱詞匯] aggressive a.
[衍生詞匯] aggression n.
[經(jīng)典例句] The councilor appealed to the city to take aggressive action.
34. be opposed to 反對(duì)
[大綱詞匯] oppose v.反對(duì)，反抗
[衍生詞匯] opposed a.反對(duì)的，對(duì)抗的 be opposed to 反對(duì) opposition n.反對(duì)，反抗;抵抗，對(duì)立
[經(jīng)典例句] We are firmly opposed to power politics.
35. draw conclusion 下結(jié)論
[大綱詞匯] conclude v.結(jié)束，終止;斷定，下結(jié)論;締結(jié)，協(xié)議 conclusion n.結(jié)束，終結(jié);結(jié)論，推論 in conclusion 最后，總之
[經(jīng)典例句] He drew a conclusion without discussing the matter with others.
36. at birth 生下來(lái)時(shí)
[大綱詞匯] birth n.出生，分娩;出身，血統(tǒng)
[經(jīng)典例句] The child weighed 7 pounds at birth.
37. due to 由于
[大綱詞匯] due a. (to)應(yīng)支付的;(車(chē)，船等)應(yīng)到達(dá)的;應(yīng)有的 due to 由于，因?yàn)?/p>
[經(jīng)典例句] The ship was late due to the heavy storm.
全文翻譯
性格在很大程度上是先天形成的-A型性格的父母會(huì)有A型性格的子女。但環(huán)境也一定對(duì)其有深刻的影響，因?yàn)槿绻?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)父母來(lái)說(shuō)很重要的話，那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個(gè)重要因素。
讓孩子吸收A型性格的一個(gè)地方是學(xué)校。學(xué)校，就其本質(zhì)而言，是高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)構(gòu)。很多學(xué)校采用不惜一切代價(jià)獲取成功的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并通過(guò)炫耀成績(jī)來(lái)估量孩子們是否成功。目前熱衷于讓孩子與同學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或與時(shí)間賽跑造成了一種雙重體制，在這種體制中，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的A型學(xué)生在某些方面似乎比B型的學(xué)生要好。過(guò)分地?zé)嶂杂讷@勝會(huì)產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的后果：記住，第一位跑馬拉松的費(fèi)迪皮迪茲在說(shuō)完歡呼吧，我們贏了之后幾秒便倒地而死。
學(xué)校里最糟糕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形式就是不恰當(dāng)?shù)膹?qiáng)調(diào)考試。很少有學(xué)校允許學(xué)生集中精力做他們能做好的事。以考試競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這種做法的好處本身有點(diǎn)值得懷疑，而明知有人考試會(huì)通不過(guò)的情況下還要進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，則肯定是有害的。
顯然，要將所有A型孩子變成B型孩子既不現(xiàn)實(shí)也不可取。這個(gè)世界需要各種性格的人，一個(gè)重要職責(zé)是使孩子的性格適合將來(lái)可能從事的工作。這才是最好的管理理念。
如果學(xué)校對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)的強(qiáng)調(diào)減少一些，也許就有更多的時(shí)間教孩子更重要的價(jià)值觀念。也許對(duì)護(hù)理職業(yè)-特別是醫(yī)療護(hù)理人員-的選擇應(yīng)少注重化學(xué)成績(jī)而多關(guān)注他們是否敏感、是否有同情心。只從A型性格的人員中挑選醫(yī)生的確是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。B型性格的人非常重要，應(yīng)該受到鼓勵(lì)。
閱讀五
55.(D)意為：大部分美國(guó)人樂(lè)于助人。
文章第一句指出，去過(guò)美國(guó)的人所帶回的印象總是(consistently)：大多數(shù)美國(guó)人表現(xiàn)為友好、禮貌、樂(lè)于助人。本文從歷史及文化的角度探討了產(chǎn)生這一現(xiàn)象的原因。
A 意為：粗魯?shù)某鲎廛?chē)司機(jī)在美國(guó)罕見(jiàn)。
B 意為：心胸狹窄的官員值得嚴(yán)肅的一提(或：應(yīng)受?chē)?yán)肅的批評(píng))。
C 意為：加拿大人不如其鄰國(guó)(當(dāng)主要指美國(guó))人民友好。
注意：(A)、(B)、(C)表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)都不是第一段中所提到的訪美者的觀點(diǎn)，第一段的第二、三、四句表達(dá)的是本文作者的觀點(diǎn)。在作者看來(lái)，公平地講，許多到過(guò)加拿大的人對(duì)加拿大人也有同感，因此可以說(shuō)：這是一種北美現(xiàn)象-北美人大都友好、禮貌、樂(lè)于助人。同時(shí)，在他看來(lái)，這種情況也有例外：心胸狹隘的官員、粗魯?shù)氖陶摺o(wú)禮的出租車(chē)司機(jī)也不乏其人，但總的來(lái)看這并不構(gòu)成主流。
56.(A)意為：文化影響社會(huì)關(guān)系。
最后一段的第一句是全段的主題，該句可譯為：像其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一樣，在美國(guó)，人際關(guān)系的背后是一系列復(fù)雜的文化符號(hào)、信念和習(xí)俗。換言之，美國(guó)的文化決定了美國(guó)人的行為。
B 意為：禮貌的習(xí)慣與個(gè)人興趣互相影響。最后一段第五句可譯為：僅靠在公共汽車(chē)上瞬時(shí)相遇來(lái)區(qū)別禮貌是出自于文化習(xí)慣還是個(gè)人的興趣是不夠的。根據(jù)本段的主旨和全文的主旨，這句話應(yīng)該理解為：判斷一個(gè)人表現(xiàn)出的禮貌行為究竟僅產(chǎn)生于其個(gè)人素質(zhì)還是產(chǎn)生于文化的熏陶，僅看其個(gè)別的、偶然的行為是不行的。換言之，如果他隨時(shí)隨地表現(xiàn)為禮讓?zhuān)蛘撸绻钤谀骋粎^(qū)域或國(guó)家的人都表現(xiàn)為禮讓?zhuān)悄�，你才能判定禮貌行為不是一種個(gè)人現(xiàn)象，而是一種社會(huì)文化現(xiàn)象。
C 意為：各種美德僅表現(xiàn)在朋友關(guān)系中。這一點(diǎn)文章最后一段沒(méi)提到。最后一段所舉的朋友一詞的例子旨在說(shuō)明：在不同文化中，相同的概念未必有同一內(nèi)涵或外延。
D 意為：社會(huì)關(guān)系等于一系列復(fù)雜的文化習(xí)俗。根據(jù)該段第一句，二者是決定與被決定關(guān)系，并非等同關(guān)系。見(jiàn)上文分析。
57.(C)意為;為自己的日常生活增添情趣。
第二段指出，在美國(guó)歷史的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)期(即所謂拓荒時(shí)代)，對(duì)許多地區(qū)來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)旅行者的到來(lái)是很受歡迎的，因?yàn)樗梢詫?duì)平時(shí)單調(diào)的生活起一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)(break)作用。離群索居的家庭共同的問(wèn)題是日常生活的單調(diào)與寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到來(lái)可以使他們暫時(shí)擺脫這種生活狀況，另外。他們也可以因此獲得外界信息。
A 意為：改善艱苦的生活。根據(jù)上文分析可見(jiàn)，陌生人受歡迎的原因主要是因?yàn)樗麄兯鶐?lái)的精神效應(yīng)，而非物質(zhì)生活效應(yīng)。第三段提到，拓荒地區(qū)(frontier)的殘酷現(xiàn)實(shí)也是形成美國(guó)人禮貌傳統(tǒng)的原因。一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的旅游者有問(wèn)題自然求助于路邊最近的居住點(diǎn)，這對(duì)旅游者來(lái)說(shuō)不是一個(gè)選擇問(wèn)題(即：他別無(wú)選擇)，對(duì)就近的定居者來(lái)說(shuō)，提供必要的幫助也不僅僅是出于憐憫(charitable impulse)。這反映的是日常生活的嚴(yán)酷現(xiàn)實(shí)：如果定居者不接收并幫助他，就沒(méi)有別人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能處于同一境地。
B 意為：考慮到他們所做的長(zhǎng)途跋涉。
D 意為：出于憐憫。見(jiàn)上文分析。
58.(B)意為：在美國(guó)得以廣泛的保持。
第二、三段探索了形成美國(guó)人友善好客傳統(tǒng)的原因之后，第四段指出，雖然現(xiàn)在有許多專(zhuān)門(mén)的機(jī)構(gòu)幫助旅行者，但是，友善好客的舊傳統(tǒng)在美國(guó)仍根探蒂固，這突出表現(xiàn)在遠(yuǎn)離旅游熱線的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，許多美國(guó)人隨意表現(xiàn)出的友善不應(yīng)該被看作是表面或虛假的應(yīng)酬，而應(yīng)該看作是一種歷史文化現(xiàn)象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美國(guó)人珍視的美德，他們同樣希望鄰國(guó)人和其他外國(guó)人也表現(xiàn)出這一美德。
A 意為：經(jīng)常是表面上的、虛假的。見(jiàn)上文分析。
C 意為：總是能被正確理解。相反，第四段指出，許多外國(guó)人對(duì)美國(guó)人的一些友好表示感到不可思議(amazing)，這反映了他們對(duì)美國(guó)歷史文化傳統(tǒng)的不理解。參閱第四段第三、四、五句。
D 意為：與一些旅游熱線有關(guān)。不對(duì)，見(jiàn)上文分析。
翻譯句子
1、Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
[參考譯文] 陌生人和旅游者是受歡迎的消遣的來(lái)源，他們帶來(lái)外部世界的新聞。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 Strangers and travelers were…and brought…。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 diversion 在這里的含義是解悶，取樂(lè)的事情，消遣，娛樂(lè)，而不是轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)向的意思。
2、The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
[參考譯文] 許多美國(guó)人的這種隨意的友好態(tài)度不應(yīng)該被看成是膚淺的或虛假的，而應(yīng)該被作為一種歷史上發(fā)展而來(lái)的文化傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)果來(lái)解釋。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B…but as C，使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其中 neither…nor… 結(jié)構(gòu)后用的是同樣詞性的成分：形容詞 superficial 和 artificial。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 neither…nor…but 結(jié)構(gòu)的使用：既不是……也不是……而是……，重點(diǎn)在but之后。as the/a result of：作為……的結(jié)果，由于……而……。
3、As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
[參考譯文] 就如同在任何一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)里一樣，在美國(guó)，所有社會(huì)相互關(guān)系下面都隱含著一系列復(fù)雜的文化信號(hào)、假設(shè)和傳統(tǒng)觀念。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 … cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies…interrelationships。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 as 在這里是一個(gè)代詞，表示這一情況，這一事實(shí)�？梢詤⒖家韵碌睦鋪�(lái)理解 as 的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usual around here. 夜晚變得很冷，在這一帶經(jīng)常如此。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
[參考譯文] 當(dāng)然，例外是存在的。在美國(guó)，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯?shù)氖陶�，和沒(méi)有禮貌的出租車(chē)司機(jī)也并不少見(jiàn)。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見(jiàn)，這使得它值得被討論一下。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 第一個(gè)句子使用了 there be 句型，其中 of course 是插入語(yǔ)。第二句是主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。第三句話中使用了 so…… that 結(jié)構(gòu)：其中 made so frequently 是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的 observation。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 第一句中的 of course 作插入語(yǔ)，用逗號(hào)與句子的其它部分分開(kāi)，在開(kāi)始閱讀的時(shí)候可以不看。注意第二句話中使用了雙重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown 等于pretty well-known。另外注意 so…that 結(jié)構(gòu)的用法：太……以至于。另外 observation 這里的意思是因觀察而得出的意見(jiàn)。另外 it deserves comment 中的 it 指代前面的 observation。
2、Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn exce to the nearest cabin or settlement.
[參考譯文] 一個(gè)人獨(dú)自旅行的時(shí)候，如果餓了，受傷了或生病了，除了最近的小屋或者村落就無(wú)處可以投靠了。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。traveling alone 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的 someone, if hungry, injured, or ill… 實(shí)際上是簡(jiǎn)略的 if 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于 if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，這里作插入成分。另外 have sth.+動(dòng)詞不定式 這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞不定式通常是相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)部分，修飾前面的 sth.，這里就是：沒(méi)有可以投靠(to turn to/動(dòng)詞不定式)的地方(nowhere/sth.)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 turn to 這里的引申含義是投靠、求助于、求教于的意思。
3、It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.
[參考譯文] 對(duì)于旅行者來(lái)說(shuō)，這不是一個(gè)可以有多個(gè)選擇的問(wèn)題，對(duì)于村落里的定居者來(lái)說(shuō)，這也不僅僅是一個(gè)發(fā)善心的沖動(dòng)行為。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干 It was not a matter of choice…or merely a charitable impulse…是主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。表語(yǔ)由并列的兩部分組成，由 or 來(lái)連接。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] on the part of 相當(dāng)于前面的 for，意思是在……方面、對(duì)……而言。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1. courteous 有禮貌的
[大綱詞匯] courtesy n.謙恭有禮，有禮貌的舉止(或言詞)
[衍生詞匯] courteous a.謙恭有禮的，殷勤的
[經(jīng)典例句] His boss is genuinely courteous to his subordinates.
2. to be fair 公平地說(shuō)
[經(jīng)典例句] To be fair，his success owes much to his wife's help.
3. exception 特例
[大綱詞匯] exception n.例外，除外 with the exception of 除……之外
[經(jīng)典例句] His brothers are all very tall，but he is an exception.
4. small-minded 心胸狹窄的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] small-minded a.心胸狹隘的，眼界小的;固執(zhí)己見(jiàn)的
[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) far-sighted a.有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的 clear-headed a.頭腦清楚的
5. ill-mannered 無(wú)禮的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] ill-mannered a.無(wú)禮的，舉止粗魯?shù)?/p>
6. be hardly known 幾乎無(wú)人知道
[經(jīng)典例句] The truth of the incident was hardly know to anyone.
7. break 中止
[大綱詞匯] break n.打斷，中止;中間休息
[經(jīng)典例句] We have a study break of four days every semester.
8. otherwise 不然
[大綱詞匯] otherwise ad.另樣地，用別的方法;在其他方面;conj.要不然，否則
[經(jīng)典例句] He reminded me what I should have otherwise forgotten.
9. existence 生活
[大綱詞匯] existence n.存在，實(shí)在;生存，生活(方式)
[經(jīng)典例句] They are working for a better existence.
10. live distant from 住得離…很遠(yuǎn)
[經(jīng)典例句] He lives distant from his other relatives.
11. diversion 消遣
[大綱詞匯] diversion n.轉(zhuǎn)向，轉(zhuǎn)移
[擴(kuò)充詞義] diversion n.消遣，娛樂(lè)
[經(jīng)典例句] Big cities have a lot of diversions.
12. harsh 嚴(yán)酷的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] harsh a.粗糙的，難聽(tīng)的，嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)酷的 harshness n.粗糙，嚴(yán)酷，嚴(yán)厲
[經(jīng)典例句] Their adaptiveness came from coping with harsh conditions.
13. the frontier(美國(guó))靠近未開(kāi)發(fā)地區(qū)的已開(kāi)發(fā)地區(qū)
[大綱詞匯] frontier n.國(guó)境，邊境;尖端，新領(lǐng)域
14. hospitality 好客
[大綱詞匯] hospitality n.好客，殷勤，款待
[衍生詞匯] hospitable a.好客的，殷勤的
[經(jīng)典例句] We were deeply moved by the hospitality of the farmers.
15. settlement 定居點(diǎn)
[大綱詞匯] settlement n.解決，決定，調(diào)停;居留區(qū)，住宅區(qū)
[經(jīng)典例句] Israelis and Palestinians have serious disputes over Israeli new settlements.
16. injured 受傷的
[大綱詞匯] injure v.損害，傷害，損傷
[衍生詞匯] injured a.受損害的，受傷的
[經(jīng)典例句] He found his injured finger caused a lot of trouble.
17. charitable 樂(lè)善好施的
[大綱詞匯] charity n.慈善(團(tuán)體)，仁慈，施舍
[衍生詞匯] charitable a.慈悲的，仁愛(ài)的，慷慨施舍的
[經(jīng)典例句] He always takes part in charitable activities.
18. impulse 沖動(dòng)
[大綱詞匯] impulse v.推動(dòng); n.推動(dòng);沖動(dòng)，刺激
[經(jīng)典例句] She tried to repress the impulse to dial his number.
19. on the part of 就…而言;在…一邊
[經(jīng)典例句] He expressed appreciation on the part of his classmates.
20. take in 收留
[大綱詞匯] take in 接受，吸收;了解，理解;欺騙
[經(jīng)典例句] Andy took in a stray dog.
21. take care of 照料
[大綱詞匯] take care of 照料，照顧;承擔(dān)，處理，負(fù)責(zé)
[經(jīng)典例句] He asked his girl friend to take care of his dog while he went away for business.
22. specialize in 專(zhuān)門(mén)從事
[經(jīng)典例句] The company specialize in car manufacture.
23. weary 疲倦的
[大綱詞匯] weary a.疲倦的;令人厭煩的;v.使疲倦，使厭倦
[經(jīng)典例句] The pilot was extremely weary with the long time flying.
24. travel through 經(jīng)過(guò)
[經(jīng)典例句] I was travelling through when I saw the accident.
25. amazing 令人驚訝的
[大綱詞匯] amaze v.使驚奇，使驚愕，使驚嘆 amazing a.令人驚訝的
[經(jīng)典例句] The acrobatic show was amazing to all of us.
26. superficial 表面的
[大綱詞匯] superficial a.表面的，膚淺的，淺薄的
[經(jīng)典例句] We were not satisfied with the superficial explanation of the incident.
27. artificial 矯揉造作的
[大綱詞匯] artificial a.人工的，人造的;認(rèn)為的，矯揉造作的
[經(jīng)典例句] She was wearing an artificial smile when appearing at the door.
28. the result of ……的結(jié)果
[大綱詞匯] result n.結(jié)果，成果，成績(jī)v.(in)導(dǎo)致，結(jié)果是;(from)起因于，因…而造成 as a result 結(jié)果，因此 as a result of 由于……的結(jié)果
[經(jīng)典例句] We regard our failure as the result of his carelessness.
29. a set of 一套
[經(jīng)典例句] We expect that a set of rules and regulations will be drawn up.
30. convention 習(xí)俗
[大綱詞匯] convention n.大會(huì)，會(huì)議;慣例，常規(guī)，習(xí)俗;公約，協(xié)定
[經(jīng)典例句] Convention now permits women to wear more colorful clothing.
31. underlie 潛存于…之下
[大綱詞匯] underlying a.含蓄的，潛在的;在下面的
[衍生詞匯] underlie v.引起，潛存于…之下
[經(jīng)典例句] Many facts underlay my decision.
32. interrelationship 互相之間的關(guān)系
[構(gòu)詞方法] inter-前綴，表示互相，在…之間
[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) interact v.互相作用 interdependent a.互相依賴(lài)的
33. draw conclusion 下結(jié)論
[經(jīng)典例句] He drew the final conclusion through careful analysis.
34. distinguish 分辨
[大綱詞匯] distinguish v.(from)區(qū)分，辨別;辨認(rèn)出;使杰出
[經(jīng)典例句] It is very hard to distinguish the two colors.
35. keep up 保持
[大綱詞匯] keep up 保持，維持;繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，堅(jiān)持
[經(jīng)典例句] The lady always keep up her genuine warmth to people.
全文翻譯
去美國(guó)訪問(wèn)的人經(jīng)常帶回報(bào)告說(shuō)，大多數(shù)美國(guó)人對(duì)他們友善、好客、樂(lè)于助人。公正的說(shuō)，人們對(duì)加拿大人也有這樣的評(píng)論，因而，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)為這是北美普遍的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)然也有例外。在美國(guó)，心胸狹隘的官員，舉止粗魯?shù)恼写秃翢o(wú)禮貌的出租車(chē)司機(jī)也并非罕見(jiàn)。盡管有不如意的地方，但因?yàn)槿藗兂３５贸雒绹?guó)人好客的觀察意見(jiàn)，因而也就值得議論一番了。
過(guò)去很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，在美國(guó)很多地方，旅行者的到來(lái)因暫時(shí)打破原本的單調(diào)生活而受人歡迎。無(wú)聊、孤獨(dú)是居住相對(duì)遙遠(yuǎn)的家庭的普遍問(wèn)題。陌生人和旅行者很受歡迎，他們帶來(lái)了娛樂(lè)消遣，還帶來(lái)了外面世界的消息。
開(kāi)拓者的嚴(yán)酷生活現(xiàn)實(shí)也促成了這一好客的傳統(tǒng)。單獨(dú)旅行時(shí)，如果挨餓、受傷或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。對(duì)旅行者來(lái)說(shuō)，這不是一個(gè)選擇的問(wèn)題;而對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駚?lái)說(shuō)，這也并非是行善的一時(shí)沖動(dòng)。它反映了日常生活的嚴(yán)酷：如果你不收留他，那他便無(wú)處求助了。請(qǐng)記住，有一天你也可能處于相同的境遇。
如今，有了很多的慈善組織專(zhuān)門(mén)幫助疲憊的旅行者。不過(guò)，熱情接待陌生人的傳統(tǒng)在美國(guó)仍然很盛行，尤其是在遠(yuǎn)離旅游熱線的小城鎮(zhèn)。我只是路過(guò)，和這個(gè)美國(guó)人聊了聊。很快，他就請(qǐng)我到他家吃飯-這真令人驚奇。來(lái)美國(guó)的旅客談?wù)摯祟?lèi)事件很普遍，但并非總能得到正確理解。很多美國(guó)人不經(jīng)意表現(xiàn)的友好不應(yīng)被看做是表面或虛假的應(yīng)酬，而應(yīng)該看成是文化傳統(tǒng)的歷史發(fā)展結(jié)果。
同任何發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一樣，一系列復(fù)雜的文化特征，信念和習(xí)俗構(gòu)成了美國(guó)所有社會(huì)交往的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)然，會(huì)講一種語(yǔ)言并不意味著就理解該語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)和文化模式。不能正確詮釋文化含義的旅行者往往得出錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論。例如，美國(guó)人所說(shuō)的朋友一詞，其文化含義可能與旅行者語(yǔ)言和文化中的朋友大相徑庭。要想正確區(qū)分禮貌是出于文化習(xí)俗還是個(gè)人興趣，單憑一次公共汽車(chē)上的偶遇是不夠的。不過(guò)，友好是很多美國(guó)人推崇的美德，同時(shí)希望鄰居和陌生人也能如此。
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