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2014年12月英語四級備考精選模擬試題
2014年12月英語四級備考精選模擬試題(一)
Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian(百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least.
[A]skill
[B]popular
[C]get
[D]change
[E]similarly
[F]professional
[G]character
[H]individuality
[I]inspire
[J]differently
[K]expect
[L]practical
[M]recall
[N]lose
[O]ordinary
ANSWERS:
1.選B)。從文章的第一句they love and respect few thins more than a uniform“他們又無比熱愛和崇尚制服”，說明了制服在美國很受歡迎。因此選項(xiàng)B)popular符合原文意思。選項(xiàng)中的professional“職業(yè)的”、practical“實(shí)用的”和ordinary“普通的，平常的”都不符合第一段的意思。
2.選F)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。從more...than civilian clothes可知，此處要填的形容詞意思與civilian相對，說明制服的特點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)中的形容詞中只有professional“職業(yè)的”和civilian相對的，故F)正確。而pratical“實(shí)用的”和ordinary“平常的”意思都不能和civilian對應(yīng)，故排除。
3.選K)。由be conditioned to do sth.“習(xí)慣于”可知，此處應(yīng)填動詞原形。從前面的look more“看起來更...”和后面的tend to“傾向于”可知，這段要說明的是人們的主觀印象，應(yīng)填入表示“期望(得到)”的單詞，只有K)expect符合原文語氣。選項(xiàng)中g(shù)et“得到”與上下文的語氣不符合。
4.選I)。此處應(yīng)填動詞原形。從原文中“人們習(xí)慣...從穿制服的人那兒得到優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)。”可知，人們更信任穿制服的人，即制服能使人產(chǎn)生信任感。選項(xiàng)中的動詞原形中只有inspire“使產(chǎn)生”符合文章。
5.選A)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。前面兩句表達(dá)了人們對穿制服的人更加信任的意思，那么對于garage mechanic“汽車修理工”來說，人們信任的是它的技術(shù)，而不是人品，故選項(xiàng)中只有A)skill符合原文意思。
6.選N)。此處應(yīng)填動詞。...step out of uniform“脫掉制服”是對護(hù)士、警察等來說是......職業(yè)身份的很簡單的方式。脫下制服就是失去了職業(yè)身份，由此可以推知此處應(yīng)填N)lose。
7.選L)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞，說明制服的其他有點(diǎn)。從下文“...節(jié)省購買其他衣服的開銷，節(jié)省洗衣費(fèi)用，比便服更舒適也更耐穿”可知，制服除了增加信任感還有實(shí)際的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)中的pratical“實(shí)用的”和ordinary“平常的”，很明顯L)pratical符合原文意思。
8.選H)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。文章手段就說“美國人為自己的多元化和個(gè)性化感到高傲無比，然而他們又無比熱愛和崇尚制服”，其中包含制服使他們失去自己的個(gè)性的意思，那么聯(lián)系第一段，此處指出的制服的缺點(diǎn)即為失去個(gè)性，故選項(xiàng)H)individuality正確。individuality強(qiáng)調(diào)與他人特點(diǎn)的區(qū)別，而character指的是個(gè)人特定的內(nèi)在本質(zhì)。
9.選D)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。前面說制服讓人失去了個(gè)性，雖然有很多種制服，但穿上制服的人直至退休都是那件制服，所有是沒有變化的，故此處應(yīng)填change，故D)正確。
10.選E)。此處應(yīng)填副詞，修飾動詞act。前面指出...look alike,they tend to...，說明此處填的詞和alike意思相近。選項(xiàng)種副詞有similarly和differently，很明顯，E)similarly與alike意思相近，故選E)。
2014年12月英語四級備考精選模擬試題(二)
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
[A]compare
[B]responsible
[C]useful
[D]added
[E]find
[F]reference
[G]indirect
[H]method
[I]successful
[J]combined
[K]Necessarily
[L]capacity
[M]ability
[N]Basically
[O]adopt
【答案及詳解】
1.選B)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。原文意思為“會計(jì)部門...計(jì)算報(bào)酬”，選項(xiàng)中的形容詞responsible“負(fù)責(zé)任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“間接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect不能與for連用，排除;剩余幾項(xiàng)中只有B)responsible意義符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。
2.選O)。此處應(yīng)填動詞原形。本文主題就是采用一種新的工資和薪水制度時(shí)需要注意的問題，選項(xiàng)中的動詞原形有compare“比較”，find“找到”，adopt“采納”，分別帶入原文，只有adopt最符合原文意思，故選O).
3.選H)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。從原文看，and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，所以要填的詞應(yīng)與and后面的ways意思一致，選項(xiàng)中的名詞只有mathod = ways，故選H)method。
4.選I)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。上文說新的工資制度需要一套決定工作評估和衡量雇員表現(xiàn)的方法，說的是制度“是否有用”的問題。這句說的時(shí)新的工資制度執(zhí)行過程中的問題，勞資雙方先期達(dá)成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要條件。形容詞useful和successful，I)seccessful更符合原文意思。
5.選D)。此處應(yīng)填動詞。這個(gè)動詞的賓語是point“分值”，把分值...起來to give a total value"得出總分值"，選項(xiàng)中有added和combined，前者指“把...相加”，后者意為“把...結(jié)合在一起”，原文指將分值相加得出總分，故D)added最符合文意。
6.選M)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。首先solve problem“解決問題”是經(jīng)理們應(yīng)具備的能力，選項(xiàng)中的capacity與ability都可以表示“能力”;前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的能力，故不難判斷解決問題的能力應(yīng)該用M)ability。
7.選F)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。前半句指出“因?yàn)楣芾砉ぷ骱茈y評估，經(jīng)理的工作得分不需要參照基于分值的評估系統(tǒng)決定。”without reference to為固定搭配，意思是“與...無關(guān)”。故選F)reference.
8.選A)。此處應(yīng)填動詞原形。原句中出現(xiàn)了the value of each job“每種工作的價(jià)值”和these in the job market“工作市場上的(工作價(jià)值)”，說明人事部門通過比較兩種價(jià)值來計(jì)算工資制度。選項(xiàng)中只有compare表示“比較”，所以A)正確。
9.選K)。此處應(yīng)填副詞，修飾整句話。“報(bào)酬要隨工作表現(xiàn)各方面的不同而有所改變”，選項(xiàng)中Necessarily“必須地”與Basically“基本地”為副詞，分別帶入原文，“報(bào)酬...的變化是必須的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N),選K)。
10.選G)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。前文中提到一種情況即simple to measure the work done"易于評估的工作"，通常用現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法;而...measurement is difficult“難于評估的”，說明這些工作人員的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是間接的，故選項(xiàng)中只有G)indirect符合原句的意思。
2014年12月英語四級備考精選模擬試題(三)
Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不動搖) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(瘋?cè)?.
The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”
Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (內(nèi)向), inhibited (壓抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
1. According to the report,______.
A) many short sleepers need less sleep by nature
B) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their work
C) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day
D) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood
2. Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _____.
A) sleep is a withdrawal from the reality
B) sleep interferes with their sound judgement
C) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program
D) sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles
3. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.
A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life
B) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep
C) do not know how to relax properly
D) are more unlikely to run into mental problems
4. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____.
A) appear disturbed
B) become energetic
C) feel dissatisfied
D) be extremely depressed
5. Which of the following is Not included in the passage?
A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakened
B) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patients
C) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleep
D) Short sleepers would be better off with more rest
【答案及詳解】
答案：DCBAB
貝克爾和哈特曼報(bào)道說，“睡眠少的人”在未進(jìn)入少年期之前，其正常睡眠時(shí)間大致與所需要的時(shí)間差不多。但到了15歲左右，由于學(xué)校、工作或其它活動的地壓力，他們就故意地減少了夜間睡眠的時(shí)間。這些人持有這樣的觀點(diǎn)：夜間睡眠是一件令人討厭的事情，打斷了日常事務(wù)。
總的說來，這些“睡眠少的人”表現(xiàn)得雄心勃勃、積極活躍、精力充沛、無意識樂觀豁達(dá)、立場堅(jiān)定，對自己職業(yè)的選擇胸有成竹。他們往往同時(shí)從事幾項(xiàng)工作，或者一邊上學(xué)讀書，一邊從事專職或兼職工作。其中許多人有強(qiáng)烈愿望，想在朋友和熟人面前表現(xiàn)得“正常”或“合群”。
當(dāng)讓他們回憶夢境時(shí)，“睡眠少的人”回憶不起什么來。更有甚者，他們似乎情愿什么都記不住。類似的情況是他們通常處理心理問題的方式：不承認(rèn)問題的存在，希望只要忙忙碌碌，麻煩總會過去的。
“睡眠少的人”的睡眠模式與被劃入瘋子之類精神病患者的睡眠模式十分相似，只不過沒有那么嚴(yán)重而已。
“睡眠多的人”情形則大不相同。貝克爾和哈特曼報(bào)道說，這些年輕人從小的，有抱負(fù)的睡眠就一直很長。他們好像注重睡眠，不讓睡眠受打攪。偶爾沒有所需的9個(gè)小時(shí)夜間臥床休息，他們便會十分不安。他們比“睡眠少的人”要更能回憶得起夢的內(nèi)容。許多“睡眠多的人”靦腆、焦躁、內(nèi)向、壓抑、消極和稍微有點(diǎn)兒沮喪，尤其在社交場合缺乏自信。好幾個(gè)人坦言，睡眠是擺脫每天煩惱的一種方式。
2014年12月英語四級備考精選模擬試題(四)
Nowadays, is it possible to tell a person’s class just by looking at him? Physical details __1__ tell us about health, diet and type of work done. A hundred years ago the working class very often lookd unhealthy, small and were either too thin or too fat. The upper classes were often __2__, sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy. Today living and working conditions have improved, and such __3__ would no longer be so true.The clothes people choose to wear, however, do provide information about their __4__. The most obvious way in which is for the amount of money spent on them. Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer had money. Clothes can provide other __5__ as well. The upper classes __6__ to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colours, made of natural material like wool, leather or cotton. Lower working class people often choose clothes in bright colours, made of man-made material. A sociological explanation for this would be that color and interest are mssing from their lives, and therefore any opportunity to introduce this is __7__.Clothes are __8__ at a price within most people’s reach. New clothes make the wearer feel good, and show some __9__ of wealth to the outside world. Today some new fashions are started by the lower working class people who want to look __10__ and feel important. They want people to look at them.
A) available
B) background
C) different
D) tall
E) totally
F) taken
G) descriptions
H) degree
I) clues
J) alone
K) appear
L) consider
M) full
N) hobby
O)fetched
【答案】
1.選J)。此處應(yīng)填副詞�？蛇x項(xiàng)有totally和alone，由前一句中just可推出，外表上的細(xì)節(jié)僅僅能告訴我們這個(gè)人的健康狀況，平時(shí)的營養(yǎng)狀況以及他所從事的工作而不能看出他所處的階級，故排除totally而選alone“惟一”。
2.選D)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。因此此句和前一句是在將以前的工人階級和上層階級的身體狀況進(jìn)行對比，故此處應(yīng)填與small“矮的”意思相反的詞，選項(xiàng)中只有tall符合題意。而full“豐滿的”不能用來修飾sporting types,故排除。
3.選G)。此處應(yīng)填名詞�，F(xiàn)在的生活和工作條件改善了，情況已經(jīng)不同了。而such指代的是上文中對一百年以前工人階級和上層階級的身體狀況的身體狀況的描述，故descriptions“描述”符合題意。
4.選B)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。根據(jù)句意“衣服可以提供...方面的信息”，選項(xiàng)中有background和hobby，選background“人的背景，社會階層”，符合文章主題。
5.選I)。由as well可知，此處應(yīng)填名詞且與本段首句中的informaiton的意思相近，選項(xiàng)中只有clues“線索”符合題意。
6.選K)。此處應(yīng)填動詞的原形。選項(xiàng)中有appear和consider,appear可直接接不定式;而consider帶不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用于主動語態(tài)時(shí)，consider后面得接賓語，故選appear。
7選F)。這句中this指代bright colour，句子主干是any opportunity is...�？蛇x項(xiàng)有taken和fetched,take“抓住”則可以與opportunity搭配，但fetch“拿來”不能與opportunity構(gòu)成動賓搭配，故排除fetched而選taken。
8.選A)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。句子意思是“衣服的價(jià)錢......，大多數(shù)人都買得起。”選項(xiàng)中只有available“可以接受的”符合題意。
9.選H)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。由a price within most people’s reach可推出，此處新衣服向外界顯示的是穿衣者的富裕程度，故選擇degree“程度”。
10.選C)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。由new fashions和feel important可推出工人階級想通過穿衣來改變他們，而選項(xiàng)中只有different“與眾不同的”符合此意，故選擇C)。
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