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2016年大學(xué)英語六級之虛擬語氣講解
虛擬語氣表示說話者所說的話并非事實(shí)，或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的，甚至表達(dá)相反的概念。另外表示主觀愿望或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的感情時，也用虛擬語氣。本文便是為大家講解虛擬語氣的語法。歡迎閱讀!
語氣的定義和種類
1 語氣(mood)
語氣是動詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2 語氣的種類
�、� 陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。
如：①There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎?
�、跦ow good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師啊!
�、破硎拐Z氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。
如：①Never be late again!再也不要遲到了。
�、贒on’t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
⑶虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。
如：①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。
�、贗 wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。
�、跰ay you succeed!祝您成功!
簡單句中的虛擬語氣
一、情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會話中。如：
�、�.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎?
�、�.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+動詞原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此時may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。
�、拧ay good luck be yours!祝你好運(yùn)!
�、�、May you be happy!祝你快樂!
�、恰ay you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
�、�、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
�、�、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我們的友情天長地久。
�、�、May you be happy. (注意那個be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用動詞原形。
例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民萬歲!
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧師說：“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望。(該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”)
(1).God save me.
(2).Heaven help us.
四、表命令
1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you)，而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號：!
3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動詞do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虛擬語氣動詞Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口語中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中。
如：(1).You’d better set off now.你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個秘密。
名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。
一)、對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反)：
從句用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時間上是同時的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語be和were(was)，實(shí)義動詞用過去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實(shí)上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)
現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們在一起)
二)、對過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實(shí)相反)：
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會。(其實(shí)已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)
例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句，表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動作)。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以, 選項(xiàng)A)could have slept是答案
三)、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：
從句動詞"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天會到。(事實(shí)上她還沒到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒在一起)
四)、注意：
1.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動詞形式不變。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，且均以“should+動詞原形”表示這種語氣，但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略，故此從句中謂語動詞用原形，常用的此類動詞有：
表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提議、勸告、建議”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order
表示“主張”的：maintain, urge
表示“同意、堅持”的：consent, insist
例如：
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時，他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍，其結(jié)構(gòu)如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅持自己, 用陳述語氣, 堅持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語氣.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者說，suggest, insist不表示建議或堅持要某人做某事時，即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認(rèn)為時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
(錯)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(對)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(對)14. I insisted that you were wrong.
例題分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B. not be played
C. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是：“旅館管理部門懇請客人晚上11點(diǎn)后不要打開收音機(jī)”。句中的謂語動詞request(請求)所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣，即動詞原形或“should+動詞原形”。本句的主語從句中，主語radio是謂語動詞play 的客體，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動語態(tài)。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述這類句子中不能用動詞過去時形式表示虛擬語氣，所以A)不正確。選項(xiàng)B) not to play是動詞帶to的不定式，不能在句中作謂語。選項(xiàng)D)did not play也是動詞play的過去時形式，同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語氣來使用。而且，它是主動語態(tài)形式，而本題要用被動語態(tài)。
練習(xí)：
16). The chairman requested that .
[A]the members studied more carefully the problem
[B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied
[C]with more carefulness the problem could be studied
[D]the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
[A]would be discussed
[B]will be discussed
[C]be discussed
[D]may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient .
[A]that he not work too hard for three months
[B]take it easy for three months
[C]taking it easy inside of three months
[D]to take some vacations for three months
在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。
在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用“should+動詞原形(或完成形式)”，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
練習(xí)：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
[A]It is believed
[B]Should they believe
[C]They would believe
[D]If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
[A]will leave
[B]may leave
[C]leave
[D]leaves
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